质子活动与太阳黑子群

本文对太阳活动第２１周、２２周（１９７６年—１９９２年间）９７个质子活动区进行统计分析，包括活动区的面积、型别、磁结构、半影纤维等，结果表明：７５％的质子耀斑产生于面积为５００≤Ｓｐ≤３０００单位的黑子群中；耀斑爆发前一天及后一天活动区面积有显著减少；质子活动区含δ复杂磁结构的占７０％；具有半影旋涡形态的质子活动区中，约７７％的耀斑发生在旋涡黑子出现以后。

质子耀斑活动区的再现规律

质子耀斑活动区再现规律的研究结果表明，日面上存在着经度方向漂移式的“活火山”，即质子活动复活体．“活火山”定期地复活，并爆发质子耀斑．其复活长周期为８—１１．６年，与活动周１１年周期基本一致；短周期为１—２．６年，与活动周峰年时间宽度一致．在２２周峰年中，日面南北半球上各有一个强质子活动复活体，它们爆发峰值流量≥１００ｐｆｕ和≥１０００Ｐｆｕ的质子耀斑各占周期同类耀斑总数的７０．７％和８３．３％．

太阳质子活动区

设定了太阳质子活动区的含义, 分析了太阳质子活动区的特征以及与太阳质子事件相关的太阳各大气层次的爆发活动. 一些研究表明, 地震活动与太阳质子事件有密切的延迟相关性.

太阳周期活动对低高度内辐射带高能质子的影响

利用NOAA-15卫星1998年到2011年近13年的高能质子全向通量观测资料,分析了一个太阳活动周内,低高度内辐射带高能质子通量的分布变化特性及其物理原因,比较了观测结果与AP8模型的不同.研究表明,低高度内辐射带高能质子通量与太阳活动水平的反相关关系与磁壳参数L值及磁场B值有关;L值越低,B值越大的空间点,其高能质子通量与太阳活动水平的反向相关性越明显.高能质子通量随太阳活动水平的变化存在明显滞后现象,L值越高、B值越小的空间点,滞后现象就越明显,滞后严重时可以达到一年左右的时间;这种滞后现象反映出低高度内辐射带高能质子的源与损失达到平衡是一个中长期过程.通过与AP8模型计算结果的比较分析可以看出,利用AP8模型时,仅考虑地磁场长期变化对质子通量的影响可能会夸大低高度内辐射带局部高能质子通量的增强.

质子耀斑的日面分布特征

在２２太阳活动周中，日面上有三个较强的质子活动复活体，它们爆发峰值流量≥１００ｐｆｕ和≥１０００ｐｆｕ的质子耀斑各占同类耀斑总数的７０．４％和８３．３％。活动复活体分别位于北纬２６°─３５°和南纬２０°─２９°纬度带上，由于它们周期性（１─２．６年）地再现，从而形成了日面质子耀斑的活动经度和纬度明显集中趋势。

Solar Forcing on Makkah AI-Mukaramah Flash Floods

Severe solar events manifested by highly energetic X-Ray events accompanied by coronal mass ejections and proton flares caused flash floods in Makkah AI-Mukaramab, A1-Madinah AI-Munawarah and Jeddah. The responses can be prompt, delayed or prompt-delayed, suggesting that the protons entered the troposphere either through the opening of a direct gate in the magnetosphere to the location concer.led due to magnetic reconnection, through the polar gates or through those two paths respectively. The authors suggest that there is a magnetic anomaly in Makkah AI-Mukaramah area which makes it liable to be subjected to flash floods. The width of the solar streams determines the width of the gate opened in the magnetosphere via magnetic reconnection and thus narrow streams affect only one location of the three cities while extended width streams can cause flash floods in all of Makkah AI-Mukaramah AI-Madinah AI Munawarah and Jeddah. In addition, the November 24-26 Jeddah flash flood could be attributed to a prompt event due to a moderately fast solar stream that arrived the earth on those days.

Effects of chilled storage and cryopreservation on sperm characteristics, antioxidant enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation in Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus

The present study evaluated the ef fects of chilled storage and cryopreservation on sperm motion characteristics, antioxidant enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation in the Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus. Sperm motility and the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), glutathione peroxidase(GPx), glutathione reductase(Gr), and lipid peroxidation(measured via malondialdehyde(MDA) content) were determined after the milt was stored at 4°C for 12 h, cryopreserved without cryoprotectant in 12% propylene glycol(PG), cryopreserved in 12% PG+0.1 mol/L trehalose, or cryopreserved in 12% PG spermatozoa but centrifuged to decant the supernatant prior to cryopreservation(only sperm cells were cryopreserved). After chilled storage or cryopreservation, the SOD, CAT and GPx activities were reduced in sperm cells and increased in seminal plasma in almost all treatments; sperm motility parameters were also decreased. However, the addition of trehalose into the cryoprotectant could signifi cantly improve the postthaw sperm quality as revealed by the sperm average path velocity. This improvement might be attributed to the function of trehalose in scavenging reactive oxygen species. Chilled storage and cryopreservation had signifi cant eff ects on sperm motion characteristics, antioxidant enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation in the Pacific cod.

The contribution of trace elements from seawater to chimneys:a case study of the native sulfur chimneys in the sea area off Kueishantao,northeast of Taiwan Island

Hydrothermal fuid containing abundant matter erupts from seafloor, meets ambient cold seawater and forms chimneys. So the main matter origins of chimneys are seawater and matter which are taken by hydrothermal fluid from deep reservoir. However, because of seawater＇s little contribution to the forming of chimneys, it is usually covered by the abundant matter which is taken by hydrothermal fluid. Therefore, chimneys formed in ordinary deep elements, cannot be used to study the seawater＇s seawater hydrothermal activity, containing complex contribution to their formation. While the native sulfur chimneys, formed by hydrothermal activity near the sea area off Kueishantao, are single sulfur composition （over 99%）, and within chimneys distinct layers are seen. Different layers were sampled for trace element determination, with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry （ICP-MS）. By analyzing the data, we consider C-layer （secondary inner-layer） as the framework layer of the chimney which formed early （Fig.4）, and its trace elements derive from hydrothermal fluid. While the trace elements within A, B, D layers have undergone later alteration. A, B layers are affected by seawater and D layer by hydrothermal fluid. The increase of trace elements of A and B layers was calculated using C layer as background. Based on the known typical volume of chimneys of the near sea area off Kueishantao, we calculated the volume of seawater that contributed trace element to chimneys formation to be about 6.37×10^4 L. This simple quantified estimate may help us better understand the seafloor hydrothermal activity and chimneys.

Glyconanomaterials： Emerging applications in biomedical research

Carbohydrates constitute the most abundant organic matter in nature, serving as structural components and energy sources, and mediating a wide range of cellular activities. The emergence of nanomaterials with distinct optical, magnetic, and electronic properties has witnessed a rapid adoption of these materials for biomedical research and applications. Nanomaterials of various shapes and sizes having large specific surface areas can be used as multivalent scaffolds to present carbohydrate ligands. The resulting glyconanomaterials effectively amplify the glycan-mediated interactions, making it possible to use these materials for sensing, imaging, diagnosis, and therapy. In this review, we summarize the synthetic strategies for the preparation of various glyconanomaterials. Examples are given where these glyconanomaterials have been used in sensing and differentiation of proteins and cells, as well as in imaging glycan-medicated cellular responses.

Cluster of solar active regions and onset of coronal mass ejections

round-the-clock solar observations with full-disk coverage of vector magnetograms and multi-wavelength images demonstrate that solar active regions(ARs) are ultimately connected with magnetic field. Often two or more ARs are clustered, creating a favorable magnetic environment for the onset of coronal mass ejections(CMEs). In this work, we describe a new type of magnetic complex: cluster of solar ARs. An AR cluster is referred to as the close connection of two or more ARs which are located in nearly the same latitude and a narrow span of longitude. We illustrate three examples of AR clusters, each of which has two ARs connected and formed a common dome of magnetic flux system. They are clusters of NOAA(i.e., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) ARs 11226 & 11227, 11429 & 11430, and 11525 & 11524. In these AR clusters, CME initiations were often tied to the instability of the magnetic structures connecting two partner ARs, in the form of inter-connecting loops and/or channeling filaments between the two ARs. We show the evidence that, at least, some of the flare/CMEs in an AR cluster are not a phenomenon of a single AR, but the result of magnetic interaction in the whole AR cluster. The observations shed new light on understanding the mechanism(s) of solar activity. Instead of the simple bipolar topology as suggested by the so-called standard flare model, a multi-bipolar magnetic topology is more common to host the violent solar activity in solar atmosphere.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human corticosteroid-binding globulin promoter alter transcriptional activity

Corticosteroid-binding globulin(CBG) is a high-affinity plasma protein that transports glucocorticoids and progesterone.Others and we have reported non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) that influence CBG production or steroid-binding activity.However,no promoter polymorphisms affecting the transcription of human CBG gene(Cbg) have been reported.In the present study we investigated function implications of six promoter SNPs,including 26 C/G,54 C/T,144 G/C,161 A/G,205 C/A,and 443/444 AG/,five of which are located within the first 205 base pairs of 5'-flanking region and close to the highly conserved footprinted elements,TATA-box,or CCAAT-box.Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that basal activity of the promoter carrying 54 T or 161 G was significantly enhanced.The first three polymorphisms,26 C/G,54 C/T,and 144 G/C located close to the putative hepatic nuclear factor(HNF) 1 binding elements,altered the transactivation effect of HNF1.We also found a negative promoter response to dexamethasone-activated glucocorticoid receptor(GR),although none of the SNPs affected its transrepression function.Our results suggest that human Cbg 26 C/G,54 C/T,144 G/C,and 161 A/G promoter polymorphisms alter transcriptional activity,and further studies are awaited to explore their association with physiological and pathological conditions.