[Objective] The aim of this study was to establish mathematical models for judging the aroma types of middle and upper flue-cured tobacco leaves according to the contents and proportions of aroma compositions. [Method...[Objective] The aim of this study was to establish mathematical models for judging the aroma types of middle and upper flue-cured tobacco leaves according to the contents and proportions of aroma compositions. [Method] The aroma types of tobacco leaves were judged based on stepwise discriminant analysis, using 63 C3F and 65 B2F tobacco leaf samples from 13 tobacco producing regions in 11 provinces of China （Huili in Sichuan, Baokang in Hubei, Wulong in Chongqing, Lu- oyang in Henan, Zhucheng in Shandong, Wuyi Mountain in Fujian, Malong in Yun- nan, Chuxiong in Yunnan, Bijie in Guizhou, Liuyang in Hunan, Suiyang in Guizhou, Kaiyuan in Liaoning, Nanxiong in Guangdong） as calibration samples, and 67 aroma components as indices. And the Fisher discriminant functions were verified using 21 C3F and 19 B2F tobacco leaf samples. [Result] Variation coefficients of the propor- tions were lower than that of contents of most aroma components in middle and upper leaves of the samples, indicating that the proportions were more stable than contents of aroma components. The proportions of benzyl alcohol, solanone, β-dam- ascone, neophytadiene, farnesylacetone A, palmitic acid, thunbergol, methyl linole- nate and cembratriene-diol were all over 1% in both middle and upper leaves, al- though the dominant aroma components of the same aroma type varied between middle and upper leaves. Moreover, 11, 18, 7 and 11 aroma components were re- spectively introduced into the Fisher discriminant functions established based on the contents and proportions of middle and upper flue-cured tobacco leaves, which ex- hibited accuracy rates of 91.7%, 100%, 91.7% and 91.7% in the judgments of other tobacco leaf samples. The results revealed that the components those determined aroma types in middle leaves were obviously more than in upper leaves. In middle leaves, the accuracy rates of aroma type judgment could be improved by using the proportions rather than the contents of aroma components as indices. However, the functions based on the proportions and the contents of aroma components in upper leaves gave close accuracy rates. [Conclusion] The results of the study will provide references for identifying aroma types of flue-cured tobacco leaves in future work.展开更多
The effective radio resource allocation al-gorithms, which satisfy diversiform requirements of mobile naltimedia services in wireless cellular net-works, have recently attracted more and more at-tention. This paper pr...The effective radio resource allocation al-gorithms, which satisfy diversiform requirements of mobile naltimedia services in wireless cellular net-works, have recently attracted more and more at-tention. This paper proposes a service-aware scheduling algorithm, in which the Mean Opinion Score （MOS） is chosen as the unified metric of the Quality of Experience （QoE）. As the network needs to provide satisfactory services to all the users, the fairness of QoE should be considered. The Propor- tional Fair （PF） principle is adopted to achieve the trade-off between the network perfonmnce and us- er fairness. Then, an integer progranming problem is formed and the QoE-aware PF scheduling princi-ple is derived by solving the relaxed problem. Simu-lation results show that the proposed scheduling principle can perform better in terms of user fair-ness than the previous principle maximizing the sum of MOS. It also outperfoms the max-rain scheduling principle in terms of average MOS.展开更多
For high-purity distillation processes,it is difficult to achieve a good direct product quality control using traditional proportional-integral-differential(PID)control or multivariable predictive control technique du...For high-purity distillation processes,it is difficult to achieve a good direct product quality control using traditional proportional-integral-differential(PID)control or multivariable predictive control technique due to some difficulties,such as long response time,many un-measurable disturbances,and the reliability and precision issues of product quality soft-sensors.In this paper,based on the first principle analysis and dynamic simulation of a distillation process,a new predictive control scheme is proposed by using the split ratio of distillate flow rate to that of bottoms as an essential controlled variable.Correspondingly,a new strategy with integrated control and on-line optimization is developed,which consists of model predictive control of the split ratio,surrogate model based on radial basis function neural network for optimization,and modified differential evolution optimization algorithm. With the strategy,the process achieves its steady state quickly,so more profit can be obtained.The proposed strategy has been successfully applied to a gas separation plant for more than three years,which shows that the strategy is feasible and effective.展开更多
Consumers are becoming increasingly health conscious, and food product choices have expanded. Flavored milk increases milk consumption in children and providing adequate calcium intake as well as associated nutrients....Consumers are becoming increasingly health conscious, and food product choices have expanded. Flavored milk increases milk consumption in children and providing adequate calcium intake as well as associated nutrients. About 40% of the sugar in flavored milk is naturally occurring lactose beverages. The goal of this study was to test the truthfulness of the labeling concerning protein, fat and sugar content of the flavored milk. Moreover, the compliance with the Gulf standard was tested. Ten different brands of flavored milk were used in this study. As per labeled on the package, this study found that： one company did not mention clearly that their products are nonfat milk. We also found that there were variations in the percentage of fat between the ten types of flavored milk. For calcium content, all companies indicated clearly the calcium content except company eight. Concerning laboratory analysis, one company considered as mislabeled since they stated on the package that the percentage of fat 1.1-1.2 and the lab analysis showed it contained 3.1%. All companies were truthful about protein content. Moreover, for calcium, all companies have low calcium content than what has stated on the package except one company.展开更多
基金Supported by the Fund from Hongyun Honghe Tobacco(Group)Co.Ltd.(HYHH2012YL01)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim of this study was to establish mathematical models for judging the aroma types of middle and upper flue-cured tobacco leaves according to the contents and proportions of aroma compositions. [Method] The aroma types of tobacco leaves were judged based on stepwise discriminant analysis, using 63 C3F and 65 B2F tobacco leaf samples from 13 tobacco producing regions in 11 provinces of China （Huili in Sichuan, Baokang in Hubei, Wulong in Chongqing, Lu- oyang in Henan, Zhucheng in Shandong, Wuyi Mountain in Fujian, Malong in Yun- nan, Chuxiong in Yunnan, Bijie in Guizhou, Liuyang in Hunan, Suiyang in Guizhou, Kaiyuan in Liaoning, Nanxiong in Guangdong） as calibration samples, and 67 aroma components as indices. And the Fisher discriminant functions were verified using 21 C3F and 19 B2F tobacco leaf samples. [Result] Variation coefficients of the propor- tions were lower than that of contents of most aroma components in middle and upper leaves of the samples, indicating that the proportions were more stable than contents of aroma components. The proportions of benzyl alcohol, solanone, β-dam- ascone, neophytadiene, farnesylacetone A, palmitic acid, thunbergol, methyl linole- nate and cembratriene-diol were all over 1% in both middle and upper leaves, al- though the dominant aroma components of the same aroma type varied between middle and upper leaves. Moreover, 11, 18, 7 and 11 aroma components were re- spectively introduced into the Fisher discriminant functions established based on the contents and proportions of middle and upper flue-cured tobacco leaves, which ex- hibited accuracy rates of 91.7%, 100%, 91.7% and 91.7% in the judgments of other tobacco leaf samples. The results revealed that the components those determined aroma types in middle leaves were obviously more than in upper leaves. In middle leaves, the accuracy rates of aroma type judgment could be improved by using the proportions rather than the contents of aroma components as indices. However, the functions based on the proportions and the contents of aroma components in upper leaves gave close accuracy rates. [Conclusion] The results of the study will provide references for identifying aroma types of flue-cured tobacco leaves in future work.
基金This paper was supported partially by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University under Crant No. NCET-11-0600 the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Crant NN76022 and the France Telecom R ＆ D Beijing Co. Ltd.
文摘The effective radio resource allocation al-gorithms, which satisfy diversiform requirements of mobile naltimedia services in wireless cellular net-works, have recently attracted more and more at-tention. This paper proposes a service-aware scheduling algorithm, in which the Mean Opinion Score （MOS） is chosen as the unified metric of the Quality of Experience （QoE）. As the network needs to provide satisfactory services to all the users, the fairness of QoE should be considered. The Propor- tional Fair （PF） principle is adopted to achieve the trade-off between the network perfonmnce and us- er fairness. Then, an integer progranming problem is formed and the QoE-aware PF scheduling princi-ple is derived by solving the relaxed problem. Simu-lation results show that the proposed scheduling principle can perform better in terms of user fair-ness than the previous principle maximizing the sum of MOS. It also outperfoms the max-rain scheduling principle in terms of average MOS.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China（2007AA04Z193） the National Natural Science Foundation of China（60974008 60704032）
文摘For high-purity distillation processes,it is difficult to achieve a good direct product quality control using traditional proportional-integral-differential(PID)control or multivariable predictive control technique due to some difficulties,such as long response time,many un-measurable disturbances,and the reliability and precision issues of product quality soft-sensors.In this paper,based on the first principle analysis and dynamic simulation of a distillation process,a new predictive control scheme is proposed by using the split ratio of distillate flow rate to that of bottoms as an essential controlled variable.Correspondingly,a new strategy with integrated control and on-line optimization is developed,which consists of model predictive control of the split ratio,surrogate model based on radial basis function neural network for optimization,and modified differential evolution optimization algorithm. With the strategy,the process achieves its steady state quickly,so more profit can be obtained.The proposed strategy has been successfully applied to a gas separation plant for more than three years,which shows that the strategy is feasible and effective.
文摘Consumers are becoming increasingly health conscious, and food product choices have expanded. Flavored milk increases milk consumption in children and providing adequate calcium intake as well as associated nutrients. About 40% of the sugar in flavored milk is naturally occurring lactose beverages. The goal of this study was to test the truthfulness of the labeling concerning protein, fat and sugar content of the flavored milk. Moreover, the compliance with the Gulf standard was tested. Ten different brands of flavored milk were used in this study. As per labeled on the package, this study found that： one company did not mention clearly that their products are nonfat milk. We also found that there were variations in the percentage of fat between the ten types of flavored milk. For calcium content, all companies indicated clearly the calcium content except company eight. Concerning laboratory analysis, one company considered as mislabeled since they stated on the package that the percentage of fat 1.1-1.2 and the lab analysis showed it contained 3.1%. All companies were truthful about protein content. Moreover, for calcium, all companies have low calcium content than what has stated on the package except one company.
