矿岩运输是露天矿山重要的生产环节。矿山企业选用何种运输方式和运营方案对矿山企业生产运行成本的影响很大,而采用何种方法来进行方案比选,如何判定所选的运输方式是最合理、最经济的,是问题的研究方向。方案比选的方法不合理、比选...矿岩运输是露天矿山重要的生产环节。矿山企业选用何种运输方式和运营方案对矿山企业生产运行成本的影响很大,而采用何种方法来进行方案比选,如何判定所选的运输方式是最合理、最经济的,是问题的研究方向。方案比选的方法不合理、比选的尺度不一致或比选的标准不科学,都会造成矿山企业管理的决策失误。运输方案比选常用的方法有多种,但每种方法都各有缺陷,定性比较法过于简单,有些定量比较则过于粗浅,仅从静态考虑方案的合理性,没有考虑资金时间价值,所比选出的方案不一定是最经济合理的。本文以某露天矿为例,采用贴现总成本法比选露天矿的运输方案。矿山企业现有四种运输方案备选:全汽车运输自营、全汽车运输外包、联合运输自营、联合运输外包。选用何种运输方式和运营方案,需要对几种备选方案进行技术经济比较。为了更便于方案比选,分别对两种运输方式、四种运营方案的投资和运营费用进行计算,算出每个方案20年内逐年的运营费用并贴现汇总,对贴现后的总成本进行比较,数值最低者即为最优方案。通过逐年成本贴现汇总,动态计算投入资金和运营成本,方案比选结果较其他比选方法更具经济合理性。Rock transportation is an important production process in open-pit mines. The choice of transportation mode and operation plan by mining enterprises has a significant impact on the production and operation costs of mining enterprises. The research direction of the problem is to determine which method to use for scheme comparison and how to determine the selected transportation mode as the most reasonable and economical. Unreasonable methods of scheme comparison, inconsistent scales of comparison, or unscientific standards of comparison can all lead to decision-making errors in mining enterprise management. There are various commonly used methods for comparing transportation plans, but each method has its own shortcomings. Qualitative comparison methods are too simple, while some quantitative comparisons are too shallow. They only consider the rationality of the plan from a static perspective, without considering the time value of funds. Therefore, the selected plan may not be the most economically reasonable. In this paper, taking a certain open-pit mine as an example, the discounted total cost method is used to compare the transportation plans of the open-pit mine. There are four transportation options available for mining enterprises: self-operation of all vehicle transportation, outsourcing of all vehicle transportation, self-operation of combined transportation, and outsourcing of combined transportation. The choice of transportation mode and operation plan requires a technical and economic comparison of several alternative options. For the convenience of scheme comparison, the investment and operating costs of two transportation modes and four operating schemes are calculated separately. The operating costs of each scheme over the past 20 years are calculated and discounted, and the total discounted cost is compared. The lowest value is the optimal scheme. By discounting and summarizing costs year by year and dynamically calculating investment funds and operating costs, the results of scheme comparison are more economically reasonable than other comparison methods.展开更多
一、"顺序服务约束理论"是存款保险制度的理论基础存款保险制度最早是在美国建立的。1983年,美国经济学家Diamond和Dybvig深入研究了存款保险制度在抑制银行挤提方面的巨大作用。他们认为,存款机构之所以很容易遭到挤提,主要...一、"顺序服务约束理论"是存款保险制度的理论基础存款保险制度最早是在美国建立的。1983年,美国经济学家Diamond和Dybvig深入研究了存款保险制度在抑制银行挤提方面的巨大作用。他们认为,存款机构之所以很容易遭到挤提,主要有以下几个方面的原因:(1)存款和贷款期限不匹配;(2)支付体系的不稳定,货币需求随机波动;(3)存款合约的不稳定性。传统的存款合约很容易随货币需求的季节性变化、国际游资的大规模流入和流出等作用下引发银行挤提。银行挤提和扩散效应最终会导致金融市场整体的波动。无论业绩优良还是业绩差的银行,都会因储备的枯竭和高昂的贴现成本而破产。他们认为造成这种现象的原因是,在存款人与存款人之间的博弈中,存在着一种特殊的约束条件——"顺序服务约束"(Sequential Service Constraint)。展开更多
文摘矿岩运输是露天矿山重要的生产环节。矿山企业选用何种运输方式和运营方案对矿山企业生产运行成本的影响很大,而采用何种方法来进行方案比选,如何判定所选的运输方式是最合理、最经济的,是问题的研究方向。方案比选的方法不合理、比选的尺度不一致或比选的标准不科学,都会造成矿山企业管理的决策失误。运输方案比选常用的方法有多种,但每种方法都各有缺陷,定性比较法过于简单,有些定量比较则过于粗浅,仅从静态考虑方案的合理性,没有考虑资金时间价值,所比选出的方案不一定是最经济合理的。本文以某露天矿为例,采用贴现总成本法比选露天矿的运输方案。矿山企业现有四种运输方案备选:全汽车运输自营、全汽车运输外包、联合运输自营、联合运输外包。选用何种运输方式和运营方案,需要对几种备选方案进行技术经济比较。为了更便于方案比选,分别对两种运输方式、四种运营方案的投资和运营费用进行计算,算出每个方案20年内逐年的运营费用并贴现汇总,对贴现后的总成本进行比较,数值最低者即为最优方案。通过逐年成本贴现汇总,动态计算投入资金和运营成本,方案比选结果较其他比选方法更具经济合理性。Rock transportation is an important production process in open-pit mines. The choice of transportation mode and operation plan by mining enterprises has a significant impact on the production and operation costs of mining enterprises. The research direction of the problem is to determine which method to use for scheme comparison and how to determine the selected transportation mode as the most reasonable and economical. Unreasonable methods of scheme comparison, inconsistent scales of comparison, or unscientific standards of comparison can all lead to decision-making errors in mining enterprise management. There are various commonly used methods for comparing transportation plans, but each method has its own shortcomings. Qualitative comparison methods are too simple, while some quantitative comparisons are too shallow. They only consider the rationality of the plan from a static perspective, without considering the time value of funds. Therefore, the selected plan may not be the most economically reasonable. In this paper, taking a certain open-pit mine as an example, the discounted total cost method is used to compare the transportation plans of the open-pit mine. There are four transportation options available for mining enterprises: self-operation of all vehicle transportation, outsourcing of all vehicle transportation, self-operation of combined transportation, and outsourcing of combined transportation. The choice of transportation mode and operation plan requires a technical and economic comparison of several alternative options. For the convenience of scheme comparison, the investment and operating costs of two transportation modes and four operating schemes are calculated separately. The operating costs of each scheme over the past 20 years are calculated and discounted, and the total discounted cost is compared. The lowest value is the optimal scheme. By discounting and summarizing costs year by year and dynamically calculating investment funds and operating costs, the results of scheme comparison are more economically reasonable than other comparison methods.
文摘一、"顺序服务约束理论"是存款保险制度的理论基础存款保险制度最早是在美国建立的。1983年,美国经济学家Diamond和Dybvig深入研究了存款保险制度在抑制银行挤提方面的巨大作用。他们认为,存款机构之所以很容易遭到挤提,主要有以下几个方面的原因:(1)存款和贷款期限不匹配;(2)支付体系的不稳定,货币需求随机波动;(3)存款合约的不稳定性。传统的存款合约很容易随货币需求的季节性变化、国际游资的大规模流入和流出等作用下引发银行挤提。银行挤提和扩散效应最终会导致金融市场整体的波动。无论业绩优良还是业绩差的银行,都会因储备的枯竭和高昂的贴现成本而破产。他们认为造成这种现象的原因是,在存款人与存款人之间的博弈中,存在着一种特殊的约束条件——"顺序服务约束"(Sequential Service Constraint)。
