我国汽车企业海外经营的风险分析及对策建议

文章通过分析入世以来国内汽车企业开展海外经营的现状,指出我国汽车及零部件企业实施海外经营中所面临的风险与挑战,并据此提出提升产业技术水平和规模化效益,有效实施海外经营的相关政策建议。

明清运道变迁与城镇经济的发展——以台儿庄为研究视域

发展交通是地区开发的先决条件,明万历年间年随着国家运道的改变、泇运河的贯通在给台儿庄带来交通便利的同时,也带动了台儿庄地区各种物资的交流、城镇经济的发展,如农业、手工业的商品化、商贸业的发展、对外贸易的兴起等等。

Studies on forest sustainable development and issues under the condition of WTO's principles in China

The World Trade Organization (WTO), an international organization to deal with the world free trade mechanism, allows for the optimal use of the world's resources in accordance with the objective of sustainable development and the protection of environment and trade. China, as a state member of WTO, is challenged by the WTO's agreements and the principles to guideline China sustainable forest development in the future. Forest resources in China will be protected as the basic sections of natural resources. The administrative function of Chinese government will be reformed by the condition of WTO's principles. So, the aim of China forest sustainable development is prior to deal with the relationship between the environment protection and development of economy. Under the condition of the WTO's principles and as a base on the international customary laws, the issues of China forest sustainable development focus on the China forest system reformation that applies for the China nature forest stratagem by the laws and protects the China environment for the sustainable development under the condition of science development, especially in the China forest protection and in dealing with the relationship among the environment and the economy development and others. Establishing the zoological forest industry is basic requirement by both the WTO's agreements and the WTO's principles, especially under the GATT 1947 Art XX, and other principles to protect the China forest sustainable development and to create the international environment for China forest. Keywords WTO's principles - China forest - Sustainable development CLC number S7-05 Document code B Biography: CAO Pei-zhong (1965-), male, Associate Professor of Shandong Agriculture of University. School of Laws and Literature. LLM of University of Canberra, one of ten lawyers with experience of almost ten years, sent by the Government in 2000, arbitrator and engineer. Chief of Shandong Agriculture University Laws Institution, publishing the papers abroad and in China medium At present, dealing with the project and rescarching on.international litigation, especially the WTO and EU law, is major the directionResponsible editor: Chai Ruihal

Current Status and Development Strategies of TCMM Exportation in China

Low market share, small scale, inappropriate product structure, relativelyhigh market concentration, and heavy dependence on Asian markets such as Japan and Korea are some ofthe characteristics of the current exportation status of traditional Chinese medicinal materials(TCMM). The profound reasons for these problems lie in the cultural, technological and informativebarriers between TCMM and the international market as well as the underdevelopment of TCMMmodernization. Therefore, measures should be taken to enhance the cultural exchange and strategiccooperation in TCMM marketing with international organizations, implement a standardization of TCMM,establish information sharing and other supporting mechanisms, and accelerate TCMM modernizationand innovation.

Analysis of services trade and employment in China by co-integration and causality

This article describes a study by co-integration test and Granger causality test on the relationships between China's services trades and employment using the data of services trade from the WTO website and the employment data from China Statistic Yearbook for the years from 1982 to 2003. Co-integration test showed that 1% increase in export value and import value of services created respectively 0.205% and 0.068 7% more job opportunities in the service sector. Both export and import of services impacted positively on employment in service industry, and export did more than import. However, in the short run, the impacts of services export and import on employment in service industry were both very small, though positive; and the impacts of employment in service industry on both export and import of services were very big, but not stable. Granger causality test indicated that employment in service industry was a Granger cause of services export. The findings highlight the importance of facilitating services import and reducing import barriers, and suggest that the competitiveness of China's labor- intensive services trade can be exploited to boost services export and help employment in service sector, and that the structure of services trade should be optimized by shifting from labor-intensive to knowledge-and technology-intensive services thus to enhance China's competitiveness of services export.

Jordanian Horticultural Export Competitiveness from Water Perspective

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the relationships between the productive process and the commercial trade with water resources used by them. For that the goal is to find out, by means of the estimation of water embodied in the exported crops which have the highest export competitiveness and lower water consumption. The finding contradicts not only the comparative advantages theory but also the resources sustainability logic. This conclusion is derived from the great exports of water via tomatoes and low profitable vegetables from producers＇ perspective but not economical from social perspectives as shown in domestic resource coefficient. The diversion between financial and economic profitability is due to heavily irrigation water subsidy. The results confirm that Jordan utilizes large amounts of water in its exports, and in turn, it does not export goods with low water requirements. The potential saving would be very significant and agricultural sector need to modify the use of water to a great extent in order to reach significant water savings and an environmental sustainability. Jordan has to implement policies that reduced, or even abandoned, the export and the production of water-intensive crops. Therefore, they have to be replaced with either imports or crops that optimize the water resources.

Foster and operate enterprises on large-scale basis to accept challenges from WTO accession

In the course of pushing forward the overall growth capacities of the mining industry and getting adapted to the tense competition after China抯 entry into WTO, it is quite necessary to speed up the process of fostering large state-owned coal group enter-prises. This strategical proposal is made on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the main problems challenges faced by the coal mining industry is made on. The main prob-lems with Chinese coal mining industries discussed include: over-competition with a low convergence, severe waste and loss of mine resources with poor exploitation techniques, disordered operation with few industrial entry barriers, heavy welfare burdens from low socialization. The accession of WTO provide Chinese coal mining industry with chances to push forward the reforms and structural shift in the enterprises, expedite the estab-lishment and perfect of coal mining market mechanism, expand their international market share as well as introduce foreign investment, and with challenges from high technology, knowledge economy, and information revolution. The solutions to the foster of large-scale coal mining group enterprises, as well as the possible points to note and the policy pro-posal are advanced.

Analyzing the birth of TBT by Gametheory

Technical Barriers to Trade （TBT） have become an important obstacle to the export of Chinese agricultural products. The paper analyzes the connotation and the development trend of TBT, then analyzes the birth of TBT through using Game theory and explains the motives of the countries setting up TBT. Finally, the paper proposes countermeasures from two aspects of government and enterprises in China.

Quantitative research on exit barrier in construction enterprise with different ownership

“Exit barrier” means the obstacle keeping enterprises from competing even though their profits may be negative. This paper presents quantitative research on the exit barrier’s effect on the Chinese construction industry using questionnaire investigation. The exit barrier was classified into six categories, and then the categories were ranked and analyzed according to the respondents from the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and non state-owned enterprises (NSOEs), respectively. The main obstacles related to the exit barrier in SOEs and NSOEs were revealed. Finally, suggestions were provided to diminish the exit barrier effect on the construction industry.

The Key Driver of China’s New Economic Development Pattern:A Major Power’s Flying Geese Paradigm

This paper examines China’s flying geese paradigm that serves as a key driver of a new pattern of the country’s economic development.Our results suggest that such a major power’s flying geese paradigm has taken shape in the aftermath of the global financial crisis in 2008.However,this paradigm has provincial heterogeneity in that industrial relocation varies across provinces.For instance,China’s central and western regions have shown differences while serving as destinations for labor-intensive industries and processing trade.This flying geese paradigm evolves in a slow and nonlinear manner,and may be subject to stagnation and even reversal.

Review on the Trend for Development of World's Petroleum Refining Industry

This article introduces the situation related with the increasingly deteriorating crude quality, the demand for cleaner transportation fuels and clean production processes that the world＇s petroleum refining industry is faced with. This article also suggests that the trend for future development of global refining industry is focused on the economy of scale for the refineries and the oil processing units, the refining structure readjustment, integration of the oil refining and chemical production and formation of oil refining bases. The oil refining industry will uninterruptedly rectify its industry allocation and processing unit configuration and strive for the reduction of production cost through technical progress and management innovations to reduce the production cost, boost the profitability and sharpen the market competitive edge.

Machinery

China Council for the Promotion of International Trade,Machin- ery Sub-Council(referred to as CCPIT MSC)& China Chamber of International Commerce,Machinery Chamber of Commerce was founded in 1988 as one of the first group of industrial trade promotion agencies approved by the governing authorities of China.

The Concept of Helping in Counseling： An Islamic Perspective

Helping is the cornerstone in counseling practice. Helping in Islamic perspective is grounded upon the concept of hisbah. Since this concept is purposely design as a mechanism in business trade and transaction, this article extricates how hisbah aligned in counseling practice. The first section of this article will discuss on the concept of hisbah in terms of its definition, models, and roles. The second section will outline the nature of human beings and the techniques, which are amongst the important aspects in Islamic counseling point of view. The discussion in this respect will considered characteristics of helping behavior and the notions of Islamic values.

Asian Trade Integration and the Decoupling Debate of Business Cycles

＂Decoupling＂ refers to the divergence of business cycles among different countries, while ＂re-coupling＂ corresponds to the convergence or the synchronization of business cycles among different countries. The decoupling debate is popular in the field of economics, especially after global financial crisis. As trade integration increased among Asian countries, business cycle synchronization among these countries was expected to increase through trade transmission. The aim of this study is to discover whether there has been decoupling or convergence of business cycles through various trade channels. However, theoretically, increased trade can lead to business cycle synchronization either rising or falling. Inter-industry trade resulting in higher specification will induce less synchronized business cycles, while intra-industry trade could lead to increased business cycle synchronization. Thus, it is important to distinguish between intra- and inter-industry trade flows. Both correlation and dynamic factor models are utilized to study the evolution of global business cycle linkages. Results indicate that the world factor has become less important in explaining macroeconomic fluctuations from sub-period 1961-1984 to sub-period 1985-2007, while regional factors do not play an important role in explaining aggregate volatility, with the expectation of consumption. Overall, the explanatory power of country factors increases. Domestic consumption and domestic investment variances are more driven by country and idiosyncratic factors than by the world factor, contrary to the output growth fluctuations. Regional factors and country factors also play a more prominent role in explaining gross import fluctuations than in explaining gross exports. Results cast doubt on the strong forms of both the decoupling and the re-coupling hypothesis.

The Issue of Precision Agriculture in International Trade： An Analysis in Terms of Subsidies

At the present time, world agriculture is influenced by a set of new technologies grouped under the generic name of precision agriculture （PA）. Based on a study of the cotton sector, this article examines the effects of adopting PA with regard to international trade. We examine whether PA can contribute to the further destabilization of the terms of trade between countries in Central and West Africa （CWA） and Northern countries. We show that PA can be used by Northern countries at the expense of CWA, since it is used to implement strategic commercial policies based on subsidies. These policies are made more credible by the fact that international authorities cannot easily condemn them.

China＇s Agricultural Trade Deficit Falls 67.2% in Jan-May

China＇s trade deficit in agricultural products dropped to US$ 490 million in the first five months, down 67.2% from the same period last year as export growth ＇outpaced imports, according to figures from the Ministry of Agriculture.

Strategy and Prospects for ZPEB’s Overseas Engineering Projects

As one of the largest enterprises in China, Zhongyuan Petroleum Exploration Bureau. Sinopec （ZPEB） has become a medium-sized onshore oilfield with its exploration and development for more than thirty years. Its annual output with crude oil of several milliontons and natnral gas of several billion cubicmeters has been kept for two decades.

The impact of environmental regulations on international competitiveness of textile industry in China

A greater focus of environmental protection is directed toward environmental regulations in China. This paper focuses on environmental regulations and their impact on textile industry. The academic circle does not reach a consensus on the relationship between environmental regulations and international competitiveness. Some hold the view that environmental regulations lower international competitiveness while others think that environmental regulations improve both environment and economic performance. This paper aims to analyze the impact of the environmental regulations on the international competitiveness of textile industry in China. This study starts with theories relative to this subject; the second part, based on the impact mechanism of environmental regulations on competitiveness, analyzes the environmental impact on textile from the perspective of cost and market. The conceptual exploration comes to the conclusion that environmental regulations make a negative impact on the international competitiveness on the cost side and improve it by means ofinnovation and product differentiation on market side; the third part gives time series evidence to examine the impact. In this part the Pearson Correlation Analysis is conducted based on the data of China's textile industry of the period from 1991 to 2005. It turns out to prove that the negative environmental impact on cost side exceeds the positive environmental impact on market side, namely, environmental regulations deteriorate the international competitiveness in textile industry as a whole during the inspected period.