中国对外贸易的经济增加值——隐含碳排放失衡问题研究

在欧盟碳边境调节机制等贸易碳壁垒层出不穷的国际贸易新形势下,我国对外贸易亟待破解低经济附加值和高碳排放双重压力。本研究运用双边贸易隐含排放分析模型,通过构建贸易碳生产率和贸易失衡度指标,从国家整体、双边贸易和三次产业三个层面,定量揭示了1995—2019年我国对外贸易中的碳排放和经济损益失衡现象。结果表明,2019年贸易净增加我国国内碳排放9.3亿吨。其中,中美和中欧贸易碳逆差分别为2.5亿吨和1.6亿吨。第二产业贸易导致9.8亿吨碳排放净流入我国,第一产业和第三产业贸易分别引发0.4亿吨和0.2亿吨碳排放净流出我国。2019年我国出口贸易整体碳生产率为1.0欧元/千克碳,约为全球平均值的一半;我国出口贸易失衡度为1.9,承担了相较于自身出口经济收益占比近两倍的碳排放责任。在我国三次产业中,仅第一产业出口贸易的碳生产率高于全球平均值、失衡度小于1.0。我国已成为国际转移排放的“污染避难所”,亟须通过采取持续强化绿色低碳技术自主创新、增加三产贸易占比、增强国内大循环主体作用等措施,应对更趋复杂的贸易和气候变化争端。

Re-estimation of China's Degree of Trade Dependence and External Imbalance: Value-added Statistics in the Global Production Chain

The distortion of GDP and foreign trade data has exaggerated China＇s foreign trade dependence degree and external imbalance degree. The distortion of GDP is mainly caused by the difference between the exchange rate method and purchasing power parity （PPP） estimation. The distortion of trade data includes double counting of customs statistics as well as the discrepancy between the international trade flows of goods and of capital caused by the ownership issue. The re-estimation of China＇s trade dependence degree and external imbalance degree reveals that according to official statistics, in 2007 the dependence degree of China＇s foreign trade decreased to 31.59 percent from 68.02 percent and its imbalance degree decreased to 2.11 percent from 10.13 percent. Therefore, it is utterly groundless to accuse China of ＂manipulating the exchange rate.＂