Plaster is a binder which, compared with other materials as lime and cement Portland, can be considered much less aggressive to the environment. While, in the process of production, Portland cement and lime emits CO2,...Plaster is a binder which, compared with other materials as lime and cement Portland, can be considered much less aggressive to the environment. While, in the process of production, Portland cement and lime emits CO2, plaster emits molecules of water in the atmosphere. While the production of lime and cement Portland requires high temperature, plaster needs only 150~C. In spite of these environmental advantages, plaster is relatively little used in Brazil and in the rest of South America. An effort has been made to increase the consumption of this material in housing. In this work, a constructive system was developed using plaster blocks. This rationalized system looks for to reduce the manpower considerably, the times of execution and, consequently, the final costs of the construction. The basic components are three types of main blocks, and from these main blocks, sub-blocks are obtained, so that all the dimensions of the construction are achieved. All the dimensions of blocks, sub-blocks and construction are multiples of the base-unit, 10 cm, basic principle of the modular coordination. So, waste of material is avoided. The blocks developed and the constructions way are presented.展开更多
In this paper, processes for producing a food-grade glucose solution through enzymatic hydrolysis of celluloserich solids obtained from rice straws are presented. The rice straws were pretreated by acid-catalyzed stea...In this paper, processes for producing a food-grade glucose solution through enzymatic hydrolysis of celluloserich solids obtained from rice straws are presented. The rice straws were pretreated by acid-catalyzed steam explosion, and the reaction efficiency, toxicity control, and process economic feasibility were studied. Mass transfer resistance to the hydrolysis reaction was reduced by grinding with glass beads. A higher glucose concentration could be obtained by feeding more cellulose in the hydrolysis reaction; however, this also resulted in the production of undesired byproducts. Thus, a soaking process for the cellulose solids in water was developed to effectively reduce the generation of byproducts in the hydrolysis reaction. The resulting food-grade glucose solution can provide 414 kilocalories per liter, and could be used during a food-shortage crisis in the future.The current production cost is estimated to be 0.82 USD·L^(-1).展开更多
Characterized by their low prevalence, rare diseases are often chronically debilitating or life threatening. Despite their low prevalence, the aggregate number of individuals suffering from a rare disease is estimated...Characterized by their low prevalence, rare diseases are often chronically debilitating or life threatening. Despite their low prevalence, the aggregate number of individuals suffering from a rare disease is estimated to be nearly 400 million worldwide.Over the past decades, efforts from researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical industries have been focused on both the diagnosis and therapy of rare diseases. However, because of the lack of data and medical records for individual rare diseases and the high cost of orphan drug development, only limited progress has been achieved. In recent years, the rapid development of next-generation sequencing(NGS)-based technologies, as well as the popularity of precision medicine has facilitated a better understanding of rare diseases and their molecular etiology. As a result, molecular subclassification can be identified within each disease more clearly, significantly improving diagnostic accuracy. However, providing appropriate care for patients with rare diseases is still an enormous challenge. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to the challenges of rare disease research and make suggestions on where and how our efforts should be focused.展开更多
An efficient and practical method is developed for the trifluoromethylation of enamides using Umemoto's reagent as the trifluoromethylating reagent. These reactions proceeded under visible light irradiation withou...An efficient and practical method is developed for the trifluoromethylation of enamides using Umemoto's reagent as the trifluoromethylating reagent. These reactions proceeded under visible light irradiation without any photocatalyst at room temperature in good chemical yields.展开更多
文摘Plaster is a binder which, compared with other materials as lime and cement Portland, can be considered much less aggressive to the environment. While, in the process of production, Portland cement and lime emits CO2, plaster emits molecules of water in the atmosphere. While the production of lime and cement Portland requires high temperature, plaster needs only 150~C. In spite of these environmental advantages, plaster is relatively little used in Brazil and in the rest of South America. An effort has been made to increase the consumption of this material in housing. In this work, a constructive system was developed using plaster blocks. This rationalized system looks for to reduce the manpower considerably, the times of execution and, consequently, the final costs of the construction. The basic components are three types of main blocks, and from these main blocks, sub-blocks are obtained, so that all the dimensions of the construction are achieved. All the dimensions of blocks, sub-blocks and construction are multiples of the base-unit, 10 cm, basic principle of the modular coordination. So, waste of material is avoided. The blocks developed and the constructions way are presented.
基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan for financially supporting this research under Contract No.NSC-1022623-E-002-012-ET
文摘In this paper, processes for producing a food-grade glucose solution through enzymatic hydrolysis of celluloserich solids obtained from rice straws are presented. The rice straws were pretreated by acid-catalyzed steam explosion, and the reaction efficiency, toxicity control, and process economic feasibility were studied. Mass transfer resistance to the hydrolysis reaction was reduced by grinding with glass beads. A higher glucose concentration could be obtained by feeding more cellulose in the hydrolysis reaction; however, this also resulted in the production of undesired byproducts. Thus, a soaking process for the cellulose solids in water was developed to effectively reduce the generation of byproducts in the hydrolysis reaction. The resulting food-grade glucose solution can provide 414 kilocalories per liter, and could be used during a food-shortage crisis in the future.The current production cost is estimated to be 0.82 USD·L^(-1).
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2015AA020108, 2015AA020104)the National Science Foundation of China (31671377)Shanghai 111 Project (B14019)
文摘Characterized by their low prevalence, rare diseases are often chronically debilitating or life threatening. Despite their low prevalence, the aggregate number of individuals suffering from a rare disease is estimated to be nearly 400 million worldwide.Over the past decades, efforts from researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical industries have been focused on both the diagnosis and therapy of rare diseases. However, because of the lack of data and medical records for individual rare diseases and the high cost of orphan drug development, only limited progress has been achieved. In recent years, the rapid development of next-generation sequencing(NGS)-based technologies, as well as the popularity of precision medicine has facilitated a better understanding of rare diseases and their molecular etiology. As a result, molecular subclassification can be identified within each disease more clearly, significantly improving diagnostic accuracy. However, providing appropriate care for patients with rare diseases is still an enormous challenge. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to the challenges of rare disease research and make suggestions on where and how our efforts should be focused.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(2147208481421091)+2 种基金the Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province and State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences
文摘An efficient and practical method is developed for the trifluoromethylation of enamides using Umemoto's reagent as the trifluoromethylating reagent. These reactions proceeded under visible light irradiation without any photocatalyst at room temperature in good chemical yields.
