中国农村合作医疗最佳实践分析框架——服务提供、资源产生与管理(二)

一、概述 本报告分为3个部分,试图以<2000年世界卫生报告>[1]中的卫生系统绩效评价为基础,建立评估中国农村合作医疗绩效的框架.本文为第二部分.

资源与环境经济探析

产业革命加快了工业化发展历程,同时推动了生产要素的革新,加快了经济发展,生产力得以不断提高。与此同时,日新月异的科学发明创造与大规模开发自然,一方面使人类过上了富足舒适的物质生活,另一方面由于掠夺性开发自然,严重地破坏了生态环境,污染严重、高耗能的粗放式发展导致了严重的后果。如何调节经济发展与生态保护两者的关系,让其相互推动整个生态体系的长效、科学发展是我们要长期重视与探究的课题,对于推动经济增长十分关键。

论空间经济效益

空间经济效益是人类开发利用空间资源的经济活动中投入和产出之比。空间经济效益是对人类空间经济活动的效果的评价，因而有必要引入数量分析。文章从空间物质资源经济效益、空间广度资源经济效益、空间布局资源经济效益、空间微重力资源经济效益、空间旅游资源经济效益等五个大的方面对空间经济效益做了描述和分析，并提出了若干可供参考的测算公式。作者最后指出，人类的空间经济活动在创造巨大的经济效益的同时，也创造着难以估量的社会效益。尽管人类的空间经济活动在一个时期内投入可能大于产出，但从长远观点看，特别是在把这种活动同时带来的经济效益和社会效益一并考虑时，其重大的现实意义和深远的未来意义也就不言而喻了。

体检套餐选择影响因素的logistic回归分析

目的探讨影响体检者选择体检套餐的因素。方法随机问卷抽查我院体检者300名进行体检套餐选择影响因素的logistic回归分析。结果经济收入、教育水平、职业结构是影响体检者选择体检套餐的因素,高经济收入、高教育水平、低集体化职业者易选择非A(非基本)套餐。结论医院需要根据医疗辐射地区居民经济收入、教育水平和职业结构合理设置体检套餐,使有限的医疗资源产生更大的社会效益和经济效益。在运营过程中要对市民加强健康体检教育。

中国西北地区的生态足迹

可持续发展指标体系的研究是可持续发展研究领域的一个重点问题 .在介绍生态足迹理论的基础上 ,应用中国西北五省区的截面统计资料对该区域 1999年的发展状况进行了评价 .结果发现 ,陕、甘、宁、青、新的生态足迹都呈现赤字 (分别为 0 .1119、0 .3995、0 .42 42、0 .0 6 1、0 .886 3hm2 ·人 -1) ,这表明我国西北五省区的消费模式是不可持续的 ;还发现各省区的人均生态足迹需求的GDP产出系数呈现出陕 >宁 >青 >甘 >新 ,这反映出五省区的资源消耗产出效率的差异 .最后对生态足迹理论尚待进一步深入研究的几个方面进行了简要的评述 .

A new methodology for estimating forest NPP based on forest in-ventory data——a case study of Chinese pine forest

Accurately estimating forest net primary productivity (NPP) plays an important role in study of global carbon budget. A NPP model reflecting the synthetic effects of both biotic (forest stand age, A and stem volume, V) and climatic factors (mean annual actual evapotranspiration, E) was developed for Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) forest by making full use of Forest Inventory Data (FID) and dynamically assessing forest productivity. The NPP of Chinese pine forest was estimated by using this model and the fourth FID (1989–1993), and the spatial pattern of NPP of Chinese pine forest was given by Geography Information System (GIS) software. The results indicated that mean NPP value, of Chinese pine forest was 7.82 t m?2·a?1 and varied at the range of 3.32–11.87 t hm?2·a?1. NPP distribution of Chinese pine forests was significantly different in different regions, higher in the south and lower in the north of China. In terms of the main distribution regions of Chinese pine, the NPPs of Chinese pine forest in Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces were in middle level, with an average NPP of 7.4 t hm?2·a?1, that in the southern and the eastern parts (e.g. Shichuang Hunan, Henan, and Liaoning provinces) was higher (over 7.7 t hm?2·a?1), and that in the northern part and western part (e.g. Neimenggu and Ningxia provinces) was lower (below 5 t hm?2·a?1). This study provides an efficient way for using FID to understand the dynamics of foest NPP and evaluate its effects on global climate change. Keywords Forest NPP - Forest inventory data - Chinese pine forest - Climatic and biotic NPP model - Spatial distribution pattern CLC number S727.22 - S757.2 Document code A Foundation item: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 30028001, 49905005), National Key Basic Research Specific Foundation (G1999043407); the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSC2-1-07).Biography: ZHAO Min (1973-), female, Ph. D. in Laboratory of Quantitative Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, P. R. China.Responsible editor: Zhu Hong

Natural Resources Balance Sheet:Chinese Characteristics and International Practices

This paper examines the explorations and practices of environmental- economic accounting in the international community, provides a comprehensive overview and evaluation of the nature and research progress of China＇s natural resources balance sheet, reviews the relevant systems of China＇s natural resources balance sheet and the development of ecological civilization, identifies the issues in the formulation of natural resources balance sheet and makes suggestions for improvement.

Fenlong Cultivation-the Fourth Set of Farming Methods Invented in China

The basic theory and effect of the new farming method of ＂Fenlong＂ cultivation which has been included in the main extension technology of Ministry of Agriculture of the People＇s Republic of China is fully illustrated for the first time, and it is the fourth set （generation） of farming modes and methods following manpower, animal and mechanical （tractor） farming. It follows the natural law to achieve soil activation, water saving, oxygen increase, warming and desalination through the active use of natural resources like soil, rainfall and solar energy, thereby promoting a new round of natural agricultural production and quality improvement and water con- servation, which has crop yield increase by 10%-30%, quality improvement of 5%, natural precipitation retaining increase by100%. The characteristics and mechanism are the use of spiral drill for one-time completion of the land preparation by drilling vertically to 30-50 cm of soil layer through high speed peeling. After instant high temperature and many fierce impacts, mechanical frictions, it could achieve the multiplication of the number of loose soil, soil physical modification and expansion of the soil nutrients, reservoirs, oxygen, microorganisms （＂Four pools＂）. Fenlong cultivation can give birth to new farming culture and civilization, and it can achieve the physical ＂desalinized＂ transformation and utilization of saline soil. The formation of Fenlong green farming technology system makes it possible to invent the farming tools of ＂serf-propelled Fenlong machinery＂ that has got the patent, and it is the method for farmland （dry land, paddy field） Fenlong cultivation, saline-alkali soil smash-ridging cultivation and for the abundance of grass ecology on degraded grassland. The application of Fenlong ＂4＋1＂ （arable, saline-alkali soil, grasslands, Sponge City＋rivers） green development in China can achieve the ＂double safety＂ of food and living space.

Construction of Land Resource Security System for Core Grain Production Region in Henan Province

To solve the contradiction between supply and demand of land, the con- struction of land resource security guarantee system is an important part to coordi- nate the economic development and cultivated land protection in the core grain pro- duction region. Based on the deep analysis on the land resources characteristics and problems using the combined method of literature review method with qualita- tive and quantitative analysis, we constructed the land resource security system for different categories according to the land use principles of optimization, intensivism, improvement, and overall planning, and proposed the corresponding supporting mea- sures. The results showed that controlling the new increase, promoting the reclama- tion and improvement of land are the basis for land resource security, clearing the idle, improving the utilization rate of stock are the core of the efficient use of land resources, and establishing a unified urban and rural construction land market is the key to promoting the economical and intensive utilization of land resources, provid- ing scientific basis for the sustainable utilization of land resources in the core grain production regions.

投标,在这里进行——上海嘉定精艺厂“三产”工作新尝试

“2.6万谁要?”“我要”喊声刚落,一个高个子马上接过话头.“2.8万!一位小个子急切地大声抢上一句.场内喧哗起来,“2.9万!是另一个高个子嗓音……

Influential Factors of Water Productivity of Maize in Oasis of Arid Areas——A Case Study of Linze County

[Objective] The aim was to research influential factors of water productivity of maize in oasis in arid areas. [Method] In middle reach of Heihe River in Linze County of Zhangye City, maize, a major crop in irrigated area in the oasis, was studied and nine influential factors were chosen through grey relation analysis. [Result] According to grey relation analysis, top five factors influencing water produc- tivity of maize during 1995-2009 were as follows： applied quantity of chemical fertil- izers〉labour input〉seeds〉mulch amount〉pesticide amount, which indicated that controllable factors, instead of uncontrollable ones, dominate in influence of water productivity of maize in oasis in arid areas. [Conclusion] With water resource limited, investment of controllable factors in high-efficient agricultural production should be the major strategy to improve water productivity of maize in oasis of arid areas.

Regional Distribution and Sustainable Development Strategy of Mineral Resources in China

This paper summarizes the distribution and production layout of the major mineral resources in China,including coal,iron ore,copper and bauxite,from a national perspective.It also identifies the incompatibility between the mineral resources distribution and regional economic development.Significant issues with China's mineral resource industry cause challenges for the sustainable development of both the mining industry and the national socio-economy.The sustainability of regional mineral resources and the environmental pollution by mining in the western China were also analyzed.Results show that the distribution of China's mineral resources is misaligned with its regional layout of economic development.China's mineral resources have been over-exploited,and the mineral resources production in the eastern China is unsustainable.The continuously expanding production of mineral resources in the western China has heavily endangered the ecological environment.We propose strategies to boost the sustainable development of mineral resources,including measures to accelerate economic development and enhance the sustainability of domestic mineral resources.We also offer suggestions for scientifically planning the mineral resource prospecting and exploitation and regional economic layout,as well as for proactively undertaking industry transfer in the eastern China and raising the environmental benchmark requirements for the mineral industry in the central and western China.

Technology of groundwater reservoir construction in goafs of shallow coalfields

In exploiting shallow coal resources in western China, conservation of water resources is often subjugated to considerations of safety and production in coal mines. In order to maintain a sustainable development in the Shenfu-Dongsheng coalfield, we propose a technology of constructing groundwater reservoirs in goafs in shallow coalfields to protect fragile ecological environments. Given the premise of safe production, we selected an appropriate goaf as the site for constructing a groundwater reservoir and used a mine water recharge technique in combination with other related techniques for effective water conservation. Then filtering and purification techniques were used to purify the mine water given the physical and chemical properties of mine water and its filling material, ,thereby greatly reducing suspended matter, calcium and other harmful ions in the water. With the potential of widely application, the research result has been successfully applied in the Daliuta coal mine, to great economic and ecological effect. Therefore, this achievement provides a new way for mine water conservation in shallow coal resources in western China.

POLICY-MAKING MODELS WW EMBEDDING IN MRP-Ⅱ

Basing on the advanced foreign management theory and methods, introducing MRP-Ⅱ having DSS function and combining Chinese conditions, we present in this paper a method of embedding the block of “lot size” production in MRP-Ⅱ.

坡耕地现状及治理的探索与实践

坡耕地其实是在生产条件相对落后的山区,因人口增长同土地资源减少矛盾当中衍生出来的产物,也是我国一项重要的生产资源。但由于在开发过程中,缺乏合理有效的管理与控制,致使出现掠夺式开垦,不仅破坏了当地的生态平衡,还加剧了水土流失。文章就结合当前坡耕地的现状,对如何有效的解决以及治理坡耕地问题进行简单的介绍与讨论。

Evaluation for Use Efficiency of Agricultural Resources in Grain Production:A Case Study of Changshu,Taihe and Ansai in China

This paper aims to establish an index system for evaluation of agricultural resources use efficiency(ARUE) in grain production and discuss the causes of low efficiency and high consumption of agricultural resources in Changshu of Jiangsu Province,Taihe of Jiangxi Province and Ansai of Shaanxi Province in China by analyzing the data about meteorology,soil,water consumption and grain production. Agro-ecological Zone(AEZ) method was adopted to calculate the potential productivity,and synthetically multivariate equation was used to evaluate the ARUE of study areas. This paper can be concluded as:1) the agricultural resources in grain production can be classified into five categories,i.e.,climatic resources,water resources,land resources,biological resources and assistant resources,and 15 indexes were selected to evaluate their use efficiency in grain production;2) the values of ARUE in grain production are 0.5868,0.6368 and 0.5390 respectively in Changshu,Taihe and Ansai;and 3) Changshu ranks the highest among the three study areas in terms of the use efficiency of climatic resources and biological resources(evaluation values are 0.0277 and 0.1530) ,but Taihe tops the three in terms of the use efficiency of water resources,land resources and assistant resources(evaluation values are 0.0502,0.2945 and 0.1379 respectively) . However,the ARUE remains always low in Ansai for all the resources. The inefficiencies are caused by poor grain revenue in Changshu,deficient agriculture investments in Taihe and unfavorable natural conditions in Ansai.

Effect of Cropland Occupation and Supplement on Light-temperature Potential Productivity in China from 2000 to 2008

There are more people but less land in China,so food safety has always been a most important issue government concerned.With continuous population increase,economic development and environment protection,cropland occupation and supplement are unavoidable.It not only leads to the variation of cropland area,but also makes the light-temperature potential productivity per unit area different due to regional climate differentiation,therefore impacts the total potential productivity and food output eventually.So,it is necessary to analyze the climate differentiation between occupation and supplement cropland areas and to study its impact on total potential productivity,which is significant to reasonably develop natural resources and instruct agricultural arrangement.This study firstly discussed the variation and distribution of occupation and supplement croplands in China from 2000 to 2008,then analyzed the climate differentiation between occupation and supplement cropland areas and its effect on light-temperature potential productivity.The results demonstrate:1) From 2000 to 2008,the cropland variation presented occupation in the south and supplement in the north,but overall decreased.Supplement cropland was mainly from ecological reclamation(77.78%) and was mainly distributed in Northeast China and Northwest China with poor climatic and natural conditions.Occupation cropland was mainly used for construction(52.88%) and ecological restoration(44.78%) purposes,and was mainly distributed in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,and the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River with better climatic and natural conditions.2) The climate conditions were quite different in supplement and occupation cropland areas.The annual precipitation,annual accumulated temperature and average annual temperature were lower in the supplement cropland area,and its average po-tential productivity per unit was only 62% of occupation cropland area,which was the main reason for the decrease of total potential productivity.3) Cropland occupation and supplement led to the variation of total potential productivity and its spatial distribution.The productivity decreased in the south and increased in the north,but had a net loss of 4.38315×107 t in the whole country.The increase of cropland area was at the cost of reclaiming natural forest and grassland resources,and destroying natural ecological environment,while the decrease of cropland area was mainly due to a lot of cropland occupied by urban-rural construction,which threatened the sustainable use of cropland resources.

Status quo and prospect of the development for underground coal mine refuge chamber

As one form of the energy resources, coal is becoming more and more important. Due to the particularity in coal mine production, mine accidents some time occur in countries all over the world, which result in large casualties and economic losses. As equipment that can provides the miners with an emergency shelter when the coal mine accidents occur, the under ground coal mine refuge chamber is paid more and more attention by coal mine enterprises, and the application of the refuge chamber is increasingly widespread. The general functions, the classification, and the successful applications of the underground coal mine refuge chamber are illustrated first, and the research significance on the tmderground coal mine refuge chamber is stated. Following, the development status quo at home and abroad for the refuge chamber is introduced. Then, the implementation methods for the key functions of the underground coal mine refuge chamber are demonstrated. Finally, the prospect for the development of the underground coal mine refuge chamber is stated.

Approaches to location prognosis of concealed ore deposits (bodies) of productive mines

This paper demonstrates the channels and methods for location prognosis of concealed ore deposits (bodies) in the deep seated and surrounding districts of productive mines in accordance with their special features. The system frame map is built, from quick exploration in the field to the rapid building of a model indoors. The main research points of location prognosis are also discussed in the paper, which include: 1) integrating the location with the surrounding geological areas, microscopic with macroscopic; 2) analyzing and synthesizing all geological information of different levels, depths and aspects; 3) laying stress on mineralization series; 4) paying attention to the study of the distribution law of ore bodies; 5) introducing the theory of nonlinear dynamics of ore forming processes to ordinary static prognosis; 6) the necessity of the geophysical me thod in recovering information of concealed ore bodies; 7) the combination of all kinds of geology, geophysics, geochemistry and remote sensing methods.