白星花金龟幼虫资源成分分析及评价

本研究对白星花金龟Potosia brevitarsis(Lewis)3龄幼虫进行了资源成分测定。结果表明:白星花金龟3龄幼虫干物质中蛋白质、脂肪和氨基酸含量分别为49.90%、15.42%和38.90%,含有17种氨基酸,包括7种人体必需氨基酸,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的39.43%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸含量的百分比为65.11%,第一限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸。虫粪干物质中有机质、氮、五氧化二磷及氧化钾含量分别为34.10%、1.42%、1.31%和1.33%。在分析了白星花金龟3龄幼虫资源成分的基础上,对其开发利用价值进行了评价。

小碎斑鱼蛉幼虫资源成分分析及价值评价

针对小碎斑鱼蛉Neochauliodes sparsus(Liu et Yang)幼虫,进行了资源成分测定,分析。结果表明:小碎斑鱼蛉幼虫干物质中蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪、糖类及灰分含量分别为67.69%、56.02%、10.4%、1.59%、7.05%,含有18种氨基酸,包括8种人体必需氨基酸,其必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的45.32%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸含量的比值为82.89%,第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸;此外,还含有Ca、P、Fe、Zn等多种矿物质和微量元素。在分析了小碎斑鱼蛉幼虫资源成分的基础上,对其开发利用价值进行了评价。

鼻优草螽的资源成分分析及价值评价

本文分析评价了鼻优草螽Euconocephalus nasutus Thunberg的资源成分。结果表明:采于牧草地和采于水稻田的鼻优草螽都具有丰富的营养,其粗蛋白含量分别为18.39%和9.34%、粗脂肪含量分别为5.93%和13.22%、灰分含量分别为0.65%和0.52%、总糖含量分别为0.27%和0.28%;总氨基酸含量分别为19.832mg/g和10.957mg/g,其中必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的45.185%和49.557%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值分别为0.824和0.982;其脂肪酸分别占总脂肪的59.66%和69.72%,多不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸含量的比值为0.44和0.29;此外,鼻优草螽还含有丰富Ca、Fe、Zn、Na、Cu、Mn、P等矿质元素和微量元素。在分析了鼻优草螽的资源成分基础上,对其开发利用价值进行了评价。

不同产地不同品系瓜蒌皮中多类型资源性化学成分分析与品质评价研究

目的分析不同产地不同品系瓜蒌皮中多类型资源性成分差异,为其资源化利用提供数据支撑。方法采用UPLC-MS/MS方法对8个产地9个品系22个批次瓜蒌皮中的糖类、核苷类、氨基酸类、黄酮类、三萜类等39种化学成分含量进行分析,利用主成分分析(PCA)法对瓜蒌皮产地及品系差异进行综合评价。结果瓜蒌皮中果糖、葡萄糖的平均含量分别为14.78%、8.14%;检测出10种核苷类、18种游离氨基酸类成分,核苷类成分平均总量为0.57 mg/g,游离氨基酸类成分平均总量为37.71 mg/g;检测出黄酮类成分6种、三萜类成分3种,平均总量分别为0.58、0.01 mg/g。PCA结果表明,基于39种化学成分分析结果,不同产地不同品系瓜蒌皮品质存在明显差异。河北石家庄产“皖蒌7号”瓜蒌皮综合得分最高,河北产区与其他产区的瓜蒌皮差异明显,主要差异成分为药效成分氨基酸类和木犀草苷。结论不同产地不同品系瓜蒌皮所含资源性成分种类基本一致,但从整体上分析评价,各类型资源性成分含量差异较大,传统药用瓜蒌产区所产部分品系瓜蒌皮中资源性成分总量及药效成分含量相比其他产区较高,研究结果可为瓜蒌皮临床用药选择和不同产地不同品系瓜蒌皮的综合利用提供参考。

不同产地山羊角多类型资源性化学成分分析及差异研究

目的分析不同产地山羊角中多类型资源性化学成分差异,为其资源利用提供依据。方法分别采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UHPLC-MS/MS)、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)、分光光度法对32批不同产地山羊角中核苷类及氨基酸类成分、水溶性蛋白、含巯基类化合物、无机元素类成分含量进行分析评价;利用主成分分析法(PCA)和偏最小二乘判别法(PLS-DA)对山羊角产地差异进行综合评价。结果山羊角中检测出9种核苷类成分、18种游离氨基酸类成分,核苷类成分平均总量为20.88μg·g^(-1),氨基酸类成分平均总量为642.41μg·g^(-1);山羊角中水溶性蛋白、总巯基和游离巯基类成分的平均含量分别为51.07 mg·g^(-1),22.48μmol·g^(-1),9.97μmol·g^(-1);山羊角中检测出常量元素5种,必须微量元素9种,重金属元素4种,平均总量分别为45.09 mg·g^(-1),295.32μg·g^(-1),7.74μg·g^(-1);PCA和PLS-DA结果表明,基于48种化学成分分析结果,不同产地山羊角存在显著差异,西南地区产山羊角与华东、华北地区产山羊角差异较大,华东地区产山羊角综合得分较高。结论不同产地山羊角所含资源性成分种类基本一致,但各类型成分含量差异较大,华东地区产山羊角资源性成分含量相比其他产区较高,研究结果可为山羊角药用产地选择及综合利用提供一定参考。

丹参地上部分资源价值发现与开发利用策略

中药资源是国家战略资源,是中医药事业发展的物质基础与根本保障。随着我国以消耗中药及天然药物资源为特征的资源经济产业快速发展,如何对药材生产过程产生的非药用部位及下脚料、中药制药等深加工产业化过程产生的固液废弃物及副产物等进行资源化利用,延伸资源经济产业链,促进产业提质增效,走循环经济和绿色发展之路,已成为亟待探索和迫切解决的重大社会及科学问题。本文以丹参药材生产过程产生的非药用部位丹参地上部分为例,在前期研究基础上,较为系统地对丹参地上部分的资源性化学成分、资源价值发现及其资源化利用策略等进行探讨,以期为实现丹参地上资源的开发利用、提升资源利用效率和效益提供科学依据。

山东西洋参不同部位资源性成分及可利用性分析

为深入挖掘山东西洋参不同部位资源性成分并分析其可利用性,利用UPLC-MS/MS技术对西洋参主根、须根、茎和叶等不同部位中代谢物及其代谢通路进行分析。利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)及紫外-可见分光光度法(UV-Vis)分别对西洋参不同部位7种人参皂苷和多糖成分进行含量测定。结果表明,鉴定到的代谢物主要为糖与苷类、有机酸、氨基酸及其衍生物、萜类等,代谢物的总丰度为叶>主根>须根>茎。西洋参叶中含有较高的糖与苷类、氨基酸及其衍生物、黄酮类,主根中含有较高的萜类、挥发油、维生素及木质素,须根中含有较高的有机酸,茎中含有较高的核苷酸及其衍生物。差异代谢物大多富集在苯丙烷生物合成、黄酮类生物合成、柠檬酸循环、氨基酸生物合成等代谢途径。主根中人参皂苷Re和Rb1含量显著高于其他部位,叶中人参皂苷Rg1、Rg2、Rd、F11及多糖含量显著高于其他部位,茎中人参皂苷Rb2含量显著高于其他部位。对西洋参不同部位资源性成分及可利用性进行分析,为山东省西洋参资源综合开发利用提供基础资料。

黄连生物碱类资源性化学成分研究进展与利用策略

作为大宗中药材的黄连由于应用范围广、所含生物碱类化合物是创新药物研究的主要前体化合物,一直是业界关注的重点。着重从中药产业发展的角度出发,系统综述黄连中主要药效成分--生物碱类资源性化学成分,基于生物碱成分的品质评价、结构修饰和产业化应用分析了黄连资源化学进展,并从资源性成分高值化利用和非传统药用部位开发利用等角度提出了黄连药材作为有限再生资源进行资源化利用的策略,以期能够发掘新药源、研究新用途,为黄连药材的开发与资源化循环利用提供参考。

黄蜀葵花期不同组织器官中多类型资源性化学成分的分析与利用价值挖掘

对锦葵科植物黄蜀葵Abelmoschus manihot采收药用部位花冠过程中产生的不同组织器官(根、茎、叶和花)中的主要资源性化学成分进行分析评价,为其资源化利用提供支撑。分别采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)、超高效液相色谱串联三重四极杆质谱法(UPLC-TQ/MS)分析黄蜀葵不同组织器官中黄酮类、核苷类及氨基酸类资源性化学成分组成及其含量;分别采用紫外-可见分光光度法、粗纤维测定法(Weende)分析黄蜀葵不同组织器官中可溶性多糖类及总纤维含量。结果显示,黄蜀葵花中富含黄酮类资源性化学成分,主要组成为金丝桃苷、异槲皮苷、棉皮素-8-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷、杨梅素、槲皮素-3'-O-葡萄糖苷、芦丁和槲皮素,总量为25.450 mg·g^(-1),叶片亦有少量黄酮类资源性化学成分分布。黄蜀葵不同组织器官均富含可溶性多糖类组分和总纤维,其中茎中总多糖量较高,达19.76%,根中总纤维量较高,可达29.88%。在黄蜀葵植物中共检出21种氨基酸类和9种核苷类资源性化学成分,其中花中氨基酸类化学成分种类及含量较为丰富,达4.737 mg·g^(-1);叶中核苷类化学成分含量较为丰富,为1.474 mg·g^(-1)。黄蜀葵植物中含有丰富的资源性化学成分,且不同组织器官中所含成分的组成和含量有所差异,研究结果为黄蜀葵植物采收花后不同组织器官的精细化利用与产业化开发提供了科学依据。

酸枣果肉资源化学成分研究

目的研究酸枣Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa果肉的化学成分,为其资源开发提供依据。方法利用各种色谱方法进行化学成分分离,根据理化性质和波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构。结果从酸枣果肉中分离鉴定了14个化合物,分别为大枣皂苷I(1)、大枣皂苷II(2)、苹果酸(3)、苹果酸乙酯(4)、水杨酸(5)、豆甾醇-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、胡萝卜苷(7)、D-葡萄糖(8)、芦丁(9)、二十二烷酸(10)、硬脂酸(11)、棕榈酸(12)、油酸(13)、棕榈油酸(14)。结论所有化合物均为首次从酸枣果肉中分离得到,其中化合物1～6为首次从酸枣植物中分离得到,研究结果为酸枣果肉及酸枣资源的综合利用提供了基础。

Study on Germplasm Resources of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) in Shanxi Province

This study analyzed the tartary buckwheat recorded in the books Catalogue of Crop Germplasm Resources in Shanxi Province and Catalogue of Chinese Buckwheat Germplasm Resources by Excel 2003 and DPS 7.5 from the aspects of distribution areas,main agronomic traits and nutritional components,so as to lay a foundation for the selection of excellent buckwheat germplasm resources and improvement of buckwheat varieties.The results showed that different buckwheat varieties vary in plant height,node number of the main stem,grain weight per plant,grain weight per plant and kilo-grain weight.Compared with the national average values,buckwheat in Shanxi is higher in protein and fat,but lower in vitamin E and vitamin PP;it is rich in Ca,Mg,Cu,P,Se,Fe,Mn and Zn;and it contains 18 amino acids with the content of glutamic acid being the highest and the content of tryptophane being the lowest.After analyzing and classifying the tartary buckwheat germplasm resources recorded in Catalogue of Grop Germplasm Resources in Shanxi Province and Catalogue of Chinese Buckwheat Germplasm Resources,breeders could breed new varieties with high yield and quality and strong stress resistance by crossbreeding with these germplasm resources.

Present status and conservation strategies of mangrove resource in Guangdong, P. R. China

According to the survey of Guangdong mangrove resource in 2001 and authors field investigations in the past 5 years, the total mature mangrove land area of Guangdong Province was estimated at 9084 hm2, accounting for 41.4% of total mangrove land area of China. These mangrove forests totally consisted of 50 species belonging to 28 families, distributed at more than 100 locations along the coastlines of Guangdong and most of them present a high dense and dwarf appearance. The Ass. Avicennia marina is the most dominant mangrove association. The investigation results showed that the mangrove forests with coverage rates above 0.7 accounted for 68.0% of the total mangrove land area of the province and 77.8% of mangrove forests was less than 2 m in tree height. Since 1950, 54.6% of mangrove forests have disappeared due to paddy rice reclaim, aquaculture and city constructions. Derivational conservation efforts are still weakly empowered and should be strengthened intensively. The author suggested that mangrove laws and regulations should be enforced, mangrove scientific research should be strengthened; and mangrove conservation awareness of local community should be raised on conservation of mangroves.

芍药甘草汤药渣中资源性成分的再利用

目的:针对经典名方芍药甘草汤药渣,开展小分子资源性成分提取及定性、定量研究,明确该药渣中残留小分子化学成分情况,探讨其可资源化利用途径。方法:采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱法(UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS)定性分析芍药甘草汤药渣中残留的小分子化学物质,使用Agilent C18色谱柱(3.0 mm×100 mm,2.7μm),流速0.4 mL·min^(-1),进样量5μL,流动相0.05%甲酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B)梯度洗脱(0~1 min,14%~17.5%B;1~3 min,17.5%~19%B;3~4 min,19%~20%B;4~5 min,20%B;5~6 min,20%~21%B;6~9 min,21%B;9~22 min,21%~36%B;22~23 min,36%B;23~32 min,36%~43%B),电喷雾离子源(ESI),负离子模式扫描,扫描范围m/z 50~1 200;对其主要成分建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)定量分析方法,使用Agilent C18反相色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),检测波长235 nm,流速0.8 mL·min^(-1),流动相0.05%磷酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B)梯度洗脱(0~1 min,14%~19%B;1~4 min,19%B;4~18 min,19%~50%B);比较有机溶剂提取、酶法提取2种不同技术处理前后芍药甘草汤药渣中主要成分含量变化。结果:定性分析了芍药甘草汤药渣中16个化学成分,定量分析发现药渣中化学成分残留较多,其中芍药苷、甘草苷等6个指标成分残留量达到原饮片中的70%以上;药渣经纤维素酶酶解后,甘草苷可转化为甘草素;酶法提取药渣中粗多糖含量是空白组的6倍,质量分数高达12%。结论:芍药甘草汤药渣仍存在较多的小分子资源成分,有较大开发潜力,可利用有机溶剂对药渣中目标成分进行再提取,亦可采用生物酶解技术将甘草苷转化为甘草素,还可通过酶法提取药渣中粗多糖后开发动物饲料。该研究可为芍药甘草汤制剂及配方颗粒等生产带来的药渣提供资源再利用参考依据和途径,以实现芍药甘草汤药渣的高值化利用。

响应面法优化提取黄精茎秆中总多糖、总皂苷、总黄酮的工艺研究

目的:初步研究黄精非传统药用部位黄精茎秆中的资源性成分,通过响应面法优化黄精茎秆中总多糖、总皂苷、总黄酮的超声提取工艺。方法:在提取时间、提取次数、液料比3个单因素试验的基础上,对总多糖、总皂苷、总黄酮提取率建立Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计,模拟二次回归模型,通过响应面分析,对超声提取黄精茎秆总多糖、总皂苷、总黄酮工艺进行优化。结果:通过模型分析和可行性修正,发现提取次数对于综合加权评分影响最为显著,得到最佳提取条件为液料比15∶1,提取3次,每次0.5 h,此条件下总多糖提取率为0.69%,总皂苷提取率为0.44%,总黄酮提取率为0.03%。结论:黄精非传统药用部位黄精茎秆中含有一定量的多糖、皂苷、黄酮等资源性成分,响应面法能够有效优化黄精茎秆总多糖、总皂苷、总黄酮的超声提取工艺,为黄精茎秆资源的开发利用提供了参考依据。

不同产地、不同龄期蚕沙中多类型资源性化学成分的分析与评价

目的:对不同产地、不同龄期蚕沙中多类型资源性化学成分进行分析评价,为蚕沙的资源化利用提供科学依据。方法:采用超高效液相色谱串联三重四极杆质谱法(UPLC-TQ/MS法)分析蚕沙中黄酮类、生物碱类、核苷及氨基酸类等资源性化学成分组成及含量。分析条件:黄酮类成分,采用Acquity UPLC BEH C_(18)色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm),以0.1%甲酸水(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱(0～8 min,90%A→40%A;8～8.5 min,40%A→20%A),流速0.4 mL·min^(-1),检测方式为多反应监测(MRM);生物碱类、核苷及氨基酸类成分,采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH Amide色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm),流动相为含有5 mmol·L^(-1)甲酸铵、5 mmol·L^(-1)乙酸铵和0.2%甲酸的水溶液(A)-含有1 mmol·L^(-1)甲酸铵、1 mmol·L^(-1)乙酸铵和0.2%甲酸的乙腈(B),梯度洗脱(0～3 min,10%A;3～9 min,10%A→18%A;9～15 min,18%A→20%A;15～16 min,20%A→46%A;16～18 min,46%A),流速0.4 mL·min^(-1),检测方式为多反应监测(MRM)。采用紫外-可见分光光度法分析蚕沙中可溶性多糖及叶绿素含量:采用葡萄糖和葡萄糖醛酸作为中性多糖和酸性多糖的对照品,检测波长分别是490 nm和512 nm;通过在645和663 nm检测波长下的吸收度,根据Amon公式计算叶绿素含量。结果:可溶性多糖类成分在蚕沙中含量最高,其中收集于云南大理的蚕沙中可溶性多糖含量最高,达11.9%;黄酮类成分主要为异槲皮苷、芦丁、紫云英苷,不同产地含量差别显著,其中收集于云南大理的蚕沙中黄酮类成分含量约为河南蚕沙的25倍;苏州产蚕沙中生物碱类成分含量最高,为1.63 mg·g^(-1);共检出5个核苷类成分,14个氨基酸类成分,其中苏州产蚕沙核苷类和氨基酸类成分含量最高,达0.26%;叶绿素含量以镇江三龄蚕沙为最高,达2.62 mg·g^(-1)。结论:除产地外,蚕沙中资源性化学成分的含量与龄期关系密切,其中黄酮类、可溶性多糖类、叶绿素类成分含量均随龄期的增加而降低,生物碱类成分含量随龄期的增加而升高。研究结果为蚕沙的资源化利用与产业化开发提供了科学依据。

Physicochemical Characterization of Surface Water of the Area of Gafsa

Water exploits an essential part in all the durable development, the exploitation of this natural resource, its management and its position, its mineralization, its underground course and the mode o fits resurgence. The area of Gafsa is known by its very important hydrous potential which is geographically in the zone of transition between central Tunisia and the Saharan platform, these two great fields are separated by the fault of Gafsa which plays an important part in the structuring of the basins of the area, the hydrous resources of Gafsa make subsoil water the principal source of supply water, in the absence of an important network of surface. The zones of studies present requirements out of water which do not cease growing with the progress of the industrial activities and the concentration of the agricultural activities： The objective of this work is to analyze the water of the various zones of the area of Gafsa and to treat it to make it possible most drinkable. The analyzes like measurement of pH, measurement of electric conductivity and measurement of dry residue were made in the laboratory of the chemical group of Mdhila in Tunisia and in laboratory of Ion exchanger Materials of Vitry in France, the processes of treatment as opposite osmosis are also programmed in this same laboratory. The results are very encouraging to start the study and the design of a station of potabilisation of water in the area of Gafsa.

Human Resource Accounting： Costs and Benefits Analysis

Human resource accounting is related with intellectual capital in literature. This study adds another dimension for human resource accounting field. It is costs, human resource management related costs. Research topic is intellectual capital and human resource costs in human resource accounting. Research question is that human resource accounting is technic of management accounting. Research methodology is the case study approaches. Main result of study is that human resource costs are recorded in financial accounting and this information might be used by human resource leaders and other executives. Further, human resource of company may be recorded as intellectual capital in balanced sheet. Quantity of record might become total compensation of firms. In conclusion, HR accounting is management accounting technic with its support for information role and decision-making role.

Analysis of pollutant components in landfill leachate from hinterland landfill in Three Gorge Water Reservoir

This paper mainly discusses the protection of water resource environment in Three Gorge Water Reservoir, a systematic investigation and analysis of the landfill leachate＇s polluting components, hazardous and changing rule in landfill leachate from hinterland landfill located in the surrounding area have been carried out, and proposed the countermeasures for disposition the leachate furtherly.

Social capital and rural institutions in Kenya Is Machakos unique？

In Eastern Africa, the experience of Machakos has been heavily debated between Malthusians and the more optimistic Boserupians. Machakos was the epitome of overpopulation and resource degradation in the 1950s, but has since thrived. The Boserupians view Machakos as an illustration of how population growth can solve rather than exacerbate the vicious cycle of poverty and resource degradation. The question arises whether Machakos is unique. This study investigates the role of social capital in Machakos. Using principal component analysis, the authors estimate various dimensions of social capital and find significant differences between Machakos and two other Kenyan regions particularly when it comes to the formation of associations.

SEDIMENTARY ORGANIC MATTER'S CLASSIFICATION OF OIL-GAS SOURCE ROCKS IN CHINA

According to the study on the oil-gas source rocks in China for ten years,in connection with the microscopic, submicroscopic levels, the authors used the microscope photometry together with transmission electronic microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy and proposed a new classification for sedimentary organic matters.