我国县级以上行政区界水资源水量监测情况调查

研究全面收集了全国31个省、直辖市、自治区的河流、行政区界、水文测站等基础信息,较为客观系统地分析了目前我国县级及以上行政区界水资源水量监测的现有覆盖率、潜在覆盖率和目标覆盖率。结果表明,各省县级以上行政区界现有水量监测能力普遍不高,平均覆盖率仅为40.9%,空间上呈现东南地区覆盖率较高,西北地区较低的特征;考虑有条件实现水量监测的可开展监测断面数量,目标覆盖率除了西藏、新疆、宁夏、黑龙江和青海这五个省份较低外,其余省份均能达到70%以上。研究成果将为跨界水资源管理考核、行政区界站网规划、水利基础设施投资估算等提供数据支撑。

低纬高原地区降水量资源年际变化的特征时间尺度及其时空演变

应用三维数据的时间小波变换方法,分析研究了低纬高原地区降水量资源在年际变化上的特征时间尺度及其时空演变。结论为:低纬度高原地区降水量资源在年际变化上的特征时间尺度分别约为2 a、7 a和15 a。2 a、7 a和15 a特征时间尺度的较大振幅能量活动区,分别主要位于滇西北到滇东南、滇东北到滇西南和滇中一带。与2 a特征时间尺度相对应的较大振幅能量活动中心纬度的降水量,表现出了明显的东西向波动的时间演变特征,而与7 a和15 a特征时间尺度相对应的较大振幅能量活动中心纬度的降水量,则表现出了在东西向较为稳定少变的时间演变特征。与2 a特征时间尺度相对应的较大振幅能量活动中心经度的降水量,也表现出了明显的南北向波动的时间演变特征,而与7 a和15 a特征时间尺度相对应的较大振幅能量活动中心经度的降水量,则表现出了一种明显向南移动的时间演变趋势。

加强山东黄河水量统一调度 发挥黄河水资源最佳效益

在黄河水资源供需矛盾日益突出、河道频繁断流的情况下,山东黄河河务局作为山东省境内黄河河道的主管部门,通过采取各种措施,科学调度黄河水资源,实现了连续五年不断流的斐然成绩;黄河水量统一调度为山东省沿黄城乡居民生活、工农业用水提供了水源保障,对山东省经济和社会的发展发挥了重要作用,取得了显著的社会、经济和生态效益。

关于水资源规划中水资源量与生态用水量的探讨

当前,很多人缺乏对水资源量计算的全面认识,致使针对水资源进行的量配置核算发生整体概念上的误区,尤其是针对当前水资源的概况。为此,在推进水资源规划工作的时候,要将生态用水作为一项关键性内容,实现对水资源量和生态用水量关系的正确理解。本文通过对水资源涵义的理解,对水资源量的计算形式进行了系统的分析,指出了其结构构成、相互转化的关系,同时,介绍了生态用水的定义和计算方法,指出了在水资源配置中生态用水的具体规划。

河流水量组成分析与计算方法研究

根据河流的不同功能,将河流水量分为生态环境水量、资源水量、灾害水量3部分,以松花江嫩江干流为例,对河流3部分水量进行了分析与计算,并探讨了河流各部分水量的变化趋势及规律.对于流域水资源优化配置,实现水资源可持续发展具有重要意义.

水资源可再生能力刍议

从水资源及其基本特征分析入手，系统阐述了水资源可再生能力及其影响因子，提出水资源可再生能力分类体系与概念模型，为建立水资源可再生性维持理论奠定了一定基础。

城市水资源需求量变化趋势预测模型及应用

利用灰色关联分析,可挑选出与需水量关系较为紧密的影响因子,而利用前期的影响因子进行计算,可以使物元分析具有预测功能。讨论了物元分析的方法步骤及应用。结果表明:根据物元分析来预测未来义乌市需水量的变化趋势是较为理想的。

A multi-objective fuzzy optimization model for cropping structure and water resources and its method

Cropping structure has a close relationship with the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. Based on the analysis of the relationship between agricultural water resources and sustainable development, this paper presents a multi objective fuzzy optimization model for cropping structure and water allocation, which overcomes the shortcoming of current models that only considered the economic objective,and ignored the social and environmental objectives. During the process, a new method named fuzzy deciding weight is developed to decide the objective weight. A case study shows that the model is reliable, the method is simple and objective, and the results are reasonable. This model is useful for agricultural management and sustainable development.

Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Model for Water Resources Carrying Capacity in Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang,China

This paper explores the method of comprehensive evaluation of water resources carrying capacity and sets up an evaluation model applying the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Based on the data of nature,society,economics and water resources of the Tarim River Basin in 2002,we evaluated the water resources carrying capacity of the basin by means of the model. The results show that the comprehensive grades are 0.438 and 0.454 for Aksu and Kashi prefectures respectively,where the current water resources exploitation and utilization has reached a relative high degree and there is only a very limited water carrying capacity,0.620 for Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture,where water resources carrying capacity is much higher,and in between for Hotan Prefecture and Bayingolin Mongo-lian Autonomous Prefecture. As a whole,the comprehensive grade of the Tarim River Basin is 0.508 and the current water resources exploitation and utilization has reached a relative high degree. Thus,we suggest that the integrated management of the water resources in the basin should be strengthened in order to utilize water resources scientifically and sustainably.

Stable Isotopes in Precipitation in Xilin River Basin,Northern China and Their Implications

Under the increasing pressure of water shortage and steppe degradation, information on the hydrological cycle in steppe region in Inner Mongolia, China is urgently needed. An intensive investigation of the temporal varia-tions of δD and δ^18O in precipitation was conducted in 2007-2008 in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia in the northern China. The 6D and δ^18O values for 54 precipitation samples range from ＋1.1%o to -34.7%0 and -3.0%0 to -269%0, respectively. This wide range indicates that stable isotopes in precipitation are primarily controlled by differ-ent condensation mechanisms as a function of air temperature and varying sources of vapor. The relationship between δD and δ^18O defined a well constrained line given by δD = 7.896180 ＋ 9.5, which is nearly identical to the Meteoric Water Line in the northern China. The temperature effect is clearly displayed in this area. The results of backward tra-jectory of each precipitation day show that the vapor of the precipitation in cold season （October to March） mainly originates from the west while the moisture source is more complicated in warm season （April to September）. A light precipitation amount effect existes at the precipitation event scale in this area. The vapor source of precipitation with higher d-excesses are mainly from the west wind or neighboring inland area and precipitation with lower d-excesses from a monsoon source from the southeastern China.

PRESSURE OF WATER SHORTAGE ON AGRICULTURE IN ARID REGION OF CHINA

The arid areas in China are mainly located in North China and NorthwestChina. The North China is the main region for food production. There is 31. 19% of the totalfarmland and 26. 01% of the total population, but only 6. 14% of the available water resources ofChina. Groundwater is over pumped (6. 53 X 10~9m^3 every year) in the regions of Beijing, Tianjin,and Hebei Province, so water supply could not meet the water demand there. The distribution of waterin Northwest China is uneven, some inland rivers and lakes are dried up, and desertification hasexpanded since river water in the upper and middle reaches is diverted for irrigation. Up to 2050,population will be up to 1. 6 X 10~9 in China, and industry will be developed fast, therefore 50% ofthe water supply will be used by industry and resident, and water for agriculture will be decreasedyear by year. In the coming 50 years, water demand for agriculture will be increased by 5. 6 x10^9m^3 in the Huanghe (Yellow) River valley, and by 1. 7 x 10~9m^3 in the Northwest China. It willbe impossible for the Huanghe River to meet the water demand, because it always dried up in the coldhalf year since 1984. To avoid water shortage of agriculture in the arid regions, it is necessaryto divert water from the Changjiang (Yangtze) River in the south of China, and to use waterefficiently. It is the best way to use drip irrigation in agriculture, recycle water in industry andresident use, and control water pollution. Otherwise water shortage in the arid regions willrestrict the development of agriculture in China.

An Improved Markov Chain Model Based on Autocorrelation and Entropy Techniques and Its Application to State Prediction of Water Resources

According to the relationships among state transition probability matrixes with different step lengths, an improved Markov chain model based on autocorrelation and entropy techniques was introduced. In the improved Markov chain model, the state transition probability matrixes can be adjusted. The steps of the historical state of the event, which was significantly related to the future state of the event, were determined by the autocorrelation technique, and the impact weights of the event historical state on the event future state were determined by the entropy technique. The presented model was applied to predicting annual precipitation and annual runoff states, showing that the improved model is of higher precision than those existing Markov chain models, and the determination of the state transition probability matrixes and the weights is more reasonable. The physical concepts of the improved model are distinct, and its computation process is simple and direct, thus, the presented model is sufficiently general to be applicable to the prediction problems in hydrology and water resources.

Combined Application of Wide-Field Electromagnetic Method and Flow Field Fitting Method for High-Resolution Exploration： A Case Study of the Anjialing No. 1 Coal Mine

The Anjialing No. 1 Coal Mine in Shanxi Province, China, contains a complicated old goaf and an unknown water distribution that hold high potential for serious water hazards. Due to poor detection resolution, previous attempts have failed to determine the scope of the old goal and the water distribution in the mine by separate use of various exploration methods such as seismic method, direct current resistivity, audio magnetotellurics, controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotellurics, and transient electromag-netics. To solve this difficult problem, a combination of the wide-field electromagnetic method and the flow field fitting method with three-dimensional resistivity data inversion was applied to determine the precise scope of the goal and the locations where water is present, and to identify the hydraulic con- nection between the water layers so as to provide reliable technical support for safe coal production. Reasonable results were achieved, with all these goals being met. As a result, a mining area of nearly 4 km^2 has been released for operation.

Mountain Water Tower and Ecological Risk Estimation of the Mesta-Nestos Transboundary River Basin (Bulgaria-Greece)

The Mesta-Nestos river basin in Bulgaria and Greece is a case study for transboundary decision-making support in south-eastern Europe and a show-case for the development of methodologies and information-gathering for the integrated regional planning of water resources. Land-use conflicts in this water-scarce region cover a wide spectrum of activities like agricultural irrigation, drinking water production, diversions for industrial water, and risk of pollution from mining, to name a few examples. Measurements of the water quality were carried out in the upper basin. Results will be illustrated by the example of the environmental situation in the alpine region of the Pirin National Park as well as in the Razlog Basin with a stronger anthropogenic impact and pollution around a former uranium mine near the village of Elesnica. The social and economic development of this transboundary region is a recently established priority for mean an increase in water usage the water resources if regional the future. It will and more stress for impacts of global climate change are verified. Problem-focused management of the catchment area as a whole on the basis of proved geo-data sets is needed for the future.

Study on resource quantity of surface water based on phase space reconstruction and neural network

Proposed a new method to disclose the complicated non-linearity structure of the water-resource system, introducing chaos theory into the hydrology and water resources field, and combined with the chaos theory and artificial neural networks. Training data construction and networks structure were determined by the phase space reconstruction, and establishing nonlinear relationship of phase points with neural networks, the forecasting model of the resource quantity of the surface water was brought forward. The keystone of the way and the detailed arithmetic of the network training were given. The example shows that the model has highly forecasting precision.

THE GROUNDWATER RESOURCES AND ITSSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTIN THE SOUTH EDGE OF TARIM BASIN

There is a potential to certain extend for groundwater development in the piedmont plain in south edge of Tarim Basin. If the surface water use keeps the scale as present, the maximum safe yield of groundwater is about 2.05 × 109m3/a that is 55.8% of the recharge. Thus the evapotranspiration discharge will reduce 60.4%, while spring water reducing 35.6%. If the surface water use rate is up to 80% and coefficient of canal water use increase to 0.55 in the future, the maximum safe yield of groundwater will reduce to 1.85 × 109m3/a with the recharge reducing to 3.1 × 109m3. However, the sustainable groundwater development is depended on the protection of the quality aspect linked with the quantity aspect. In particular, protection of the glaoier and water conservation forestry in the Kunlun Mountains and coordinating development of surface water and groundwater should be taken seriously. Besides, the legislation, administrative management and the technology construction, and ability construction are also critical important and necessary.

Annual Discharge and Sediment Load Variation in Jialing River During the Past 50 Years

Annual discharge and annual suspended sediment loads of Beipei Hydrological Station of the Jialing River catchment were analyzed to describe the trend of Jialing River over the last five decades (1956-2006). These loads were also analyzed to ascertain the influential factors associated with its variation with the help of Kendall's Tau-b correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results indicated that the Jialing River annual discharge showed no significant trend at >95% confidence level while the annual sediment load appeared to have a significant decrease trend over the last 50 years. A decrease in the annual sediment load was particularly apparent after the year 1985, at which a substantial shift in the sediment level occurred. This shift is attributed to the construction of numerous dams in 1980s. However, after the year of 1985, two periodical stages (1986-1991 and 1992-2006) with distinct sediment load and sediment-runoff ratio were identified. The period 1992-2006 is characterised by low sediment load, which is most probably due to the impact of large scale of soil and water conservation, which took place at the end of the 1980s. Last, models describing the relationship between the discharge and the sediment load, discharge and sediment-runoff ratio as well as between the sediment load and sediment-runoff ratio were constructed.

Relationship Between Soil and Water Conservation Practices and Soil Conditions in Low Mountain and Hilly Region of Northeast China

The soil and water conservation practices of ecological restoration(ER),fish scale pit(FP),furrow and ridge tillage across the slope(FR),shrub strips(SS),and vegetation-covered ridge(VR)are characteristic of the Jixing small watershed of the low mountain and hilly region of Jilin Province,Northeast China.This study aims to elucidate the effects of soil and water conservation practices on soil conditions after the short-term implementation of practices.Soil samples were collected from five soil and water conservation sites(ER,FP,FR,SS,and VR)and two controls(BL and CT)to investigate their properties.To evaluate the influence of soil and water conservation practices on soil quality,an integrated quantitative index,soil quality index(QI),was developed to compare the soil quality under the different soil and water conservation practices.The results show that not all soil and water conservation practices can improve the soil conditions and not all soil properties,especially soil organic carbon(SOC),can be recovered under soil and water conservation practice in short-term.Moreover,the QI in the five soil and water conservation practices and two controls was in the following order:ER>VR>BL>FR>CT>SS>FP.ER exhibited a higher soil quality value on a slope scale.In the low mountain and hilly region of Northeast China,ER is a better choice than the conversion of farmlands to planted grasslands and woodlands early in the soil and water conservation program.

Climate Change and its Impact on Water Resources in the Huai River Basin

Rainfall and air temperature data from six meteorological stations above the Bengbu Sluice and hydrological and water resources evaluation data from the Bengbu Hydrological Station in the Huai River Basin from 1961 to 2008 are used to analyze the impact of changes in climatic factors on the amount of water resources in the Basin. There was a general trend of rise in its average annual air temperature, with the highest increase of 0.289℃/10a recorded at Bengbu in Anhui Province. Rising rainfall was mainly observed in the western part of the study area, while rainfall actually declined in the eastern part, i.e. the middle reaches of the Huai River. The Average rainfall in the study area was in a vaguely declining trend. In other words, the rainfall in the Basin is still much affected by natural fluctuations. On the whole, there was a trend of gradual decrease in the quantity of the Basin＇s water resources for the period under study. Water resources quantity is found to fall with decreasing rainfall and rising air temperature. Regression analysis is used to establish a mathematical model between water resources quantity and climatic factors （i.e. air temperature and rainfall） in order to explore the impact of climate change on water resources in the Basin. Moreover, various scenarios are set to quantitatively analyze the response of water resources to climate change. Sensitivity analysis shows that changes in rainfall have a much bigger impact on its water resources quantity than changes in its air temperature.

Groundwater in Thailand

This article offers a brief description of the water resources situation of the Kingdom of Thailand, a country with a population of over 65 million people and a surface area of 513,120 km^2. The average annual rainfall is 1,430 mm and the total water resources are estimated at 215,000 Mm^3 （million of m^3）-year^-1. The hydric demand in the country is 70,000 Mm^3.year^-1, 6% of which is groundwater in origin. Over 70% of the water is used for agriculture. Thailand is the world＇s leading exporter of rice. The main problems faced by the Water Authority in Thailand are pollution, floods and droughts, depending on the geographical zone. From the hydrogeological point of view, the Central Plain is the main groundwater reservoir in the nation. Intensive extraction of groundwater over a long period of time has caused three main problems： a decline in groundwater levels, land subsidence, and seawater intrusion. These problems have been especially pressing in the area known as Greater Bangkok.