N-nitro-L-arginine Attenuates Morphine and Dihydroetorphine-induced Place Preference in Mice

Opiate dependence has become one of the most urgent problems of modernsociety. Opiate dependence involves physical and psychical dependence. Although many addicts can bedetoxified, the relapse ratio of 95% in 5 a demonstrates that opiate psychical dependence is aproblem more troublesome. It has been reported that acute and chronic administration of L- NNA canmarkedly retard the development of tolerance to physical dependence on morphine, and suppress theabstinence syndromes precipitated by naloxone in opiate dependent rodents, and even reverse theexisting morphine tolerance. However, the effect of L-NNA on the positive reinforcement ofpsychically active substances and its possible mechanism have not yet been reported. In presentstudy, the effect of L- NNA en the psychical dependence induced by opiates was evaluated on thebasis of conditioned place preference.

一堂有趣的体育课

今天下午第一节课来自谢老师的体育课,是一次生动有趣的“跳绳”大赛,想知道吗？就听我细细说来。来到操场指定位置后,已是铃声大作,恰巧谢老师也到了,开始!首先是苹果操表演,表演者：六年5班全体同学。随着《小苹果》韵律操优美的声音一出,我们立马手舞足蹈,看：有的同学姿势不标准,惹得后面的同学哈哈大笑,有的同学已经疯了,每个姿势都大幅度地摇摆,还有的同学,一个不注意,“哗”地扑向旁边的同学……真是笑话多多。

不可叫人小看你

一些较年长的同道在对青年弟兄姊妹的劝勉中,常常喜欢引用提前四章十二节。这当然是十分适宜也是完全必要的。然而,真理总是一个“翻过的饼。”片面强调一个方面会给人造成一个错觉:似乎“小看人”的事是那样的自然、合理和正常,显然保罗毫无此意。

农村基层组织的缺位比贫穷更可怕

《信息时报》报道,广东英德86岁的农民赖神龙买了四两猪肉,被其子发现,其子抢猪肉未遂,用菜刀将赖神龙杀害。 这一事件,折射出广东地区发展失衡的严重性以及局部地区的贫穷落后。 广东地区性发展差异非常之大。在珠三角迈向基本现代化的同时,粤东、粤西、粤北的一些人民还没有脱贫。

Modeling the complex and long term swelling behavior of argillaceous rocks

The swelling behavior of argillaceous rocks is a complex phenomenon and has been determined using a lot of indexes in the literature. Determining the required modeling indexes that need to be performed requires expensive tests and extensive time in different laboratories. In some of the cases, it is too diffi- cult to find a relation between the effective variables and swelling potential. This paper suggests a method for modeling the time dependent swelling pressure of argillaceous rocks. The trend of short term swelling potential during the first 3 days of the swelling pressure testing is used for modeling the long term swelling pressure of mudstone that is recorded during months. The artificial neural network (ANN) as a power tool is used for modeling this nonlinear and complex behavior. This method enables predicting the swelling potential of argillaceous rocks when the required indexes and also correlation between them is unattainable. This method facilitates the model of all studied samples under a unique formulation.

Function of Ca^(2+)-/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Ⅳ in Ca^(2+)-stimulated neuronal signaling and behavior

The activity of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV(Ca MKIV) is sensitive to activity-dependent changes in the level of intracellular Ca2+.Following neuronal stimulation,the activation of Ca MKIV may trigger synaptic modifications and transcriptional responses,both of which are involved in regulating cognitive and emotional behavior.Here,we used Ca MKIV knockout(KO) neurons and mice to examine the function of Ca MKIV in Ca2+-stimulated intracellular signaling and animal behavior,respectively.Following NMDA receptor activation or membrane depolarization,the up-regulation of CREB(c AMP responsive element binding protein) and its target gene Bdnf(brain-derived neurotrophic factor) was intact in cortical neurons obtained from Ca MKIV KO mice.Ca MKIV KO mice displayed severe impairment in contextual fear memory but normal locomotor activity and anxiety level in the contextual training chamber.Although Ca MKIV KO mice showed normal memory in the standard passive avoidance task,they were defective in learning the temporal dissociative passive avoidance task.As indicated by the light/dark test and marble-burying test data,Ca MKIV KO mice showed less anxiety and normal perseveration.In the voluntary wheel-running test,Ca MKIV KO mice showed normal running time and distance but higher maximal running speed.Our results demonstrate the function of Ca MKIV in regulating different forms of fear memory,anxiety,and certain aspect of motor function.

Penalized least squares estimation with weakly dependent data

In statistics and machine learning communities, the last fifteen years have witnessed a surge of high-dimensional models backed by penalized methods and other state-of-the-art variable selection techniques.The high-dimensional models we refer to differ from conventional models in that the number of all parameters p and number of significant parameters s are both allowed to grow with the sample size T. When the field-specific knowledge is preliminary and in view of recent and potential affluence of data from genetics, finance and on-line social networks, etc., such（s, T, p）-triply diverging models enjoy ultimate flexibility in terms of modeling, and they can be used as a data-guided first step of investigation. However, model selection consistency and other theoretical properties were addressed only for independent data, leaving time series largely uncovered. On a simple linear regression model endowed with a weakly dependent sequence, this paper applies a penalized least squares（PLS） approach. Under regularity conditions, we show sign consistency, derive finite sample bound with high probability for estimation error, and prove that PLS estimate is consistent in L_2 norm with rate （s log s/T）～1/2.

Effect of Acupuncture on Contents of Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Ventral Tegmental Area of Heroin Self-administrating Rats

Objective： This present study is to investigate the biochemical adaptations in the rdated brain regions of the mesolimbic dopamine system, such as the ventral tegmental area （VFA）, nucleus accumbens （NAc）, amygdale （Amy）, prefrontal cortex （PFC） , substantia nigra （SN） and caudateputamen （CPu） in response to heroin self-administration in rats and observe the effect of electroacupuncture on them. Methods. Thirty rats were trained by nose-poking response to establish stable intravenous heroin self-administration within 14 days, and then divided randomly into model group （group B） including 6 rats, withdrawal group which were withdrawn from heroin for 1 week （group C, n = 6） and for 2 weeks （group D, n= 6）, during which time they only lived in their individual home cages, and dectrtyacupuncture group which were also withdrawn from heroin for 1 week （group E, n= 6） and for 2 weeks （group F, n = 6）, during which time they were given electro-acupuncture treatment for 20 min daily and then returned to their individual home cages; in the meantime, another 6 rats were trained by nose-poking response with saline for 14 days as control （group A）; Then the leeds of tyrosine hydroxylase （TH） and glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP） in VFA, NAc, Amy, PFC, SN, CPu were detected with immunohistochemistry method. Results. The leeds of TH and GFAP in VFA of the heroin self administrating rats were obviously increased, and the leeds of TH and GFAP in NAc were also decreased, and these changes were not found in SN, CPu, Amy and PFC; Electro-acupuncture could promote the up regulation of TH and GFAP in VTA and down-regulation of TH and GFAP in NAc to return to the normal leeel. Conclusions： The chronic heroin self administration produced some biochemical adaptations in the related brain regions of the mesolimbic dopamine system and electroacupuncture could promote the repair of the ＂injured＂ DA neurons in VTA of heroin addicted rats and their functional recovery.

Zinc reverses glycine-dependent inactivation of NMDARs in cultured rat hippocampal neurons

In the presence of glutamate and co-agonists, e.g., glycine, the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor （NMDAR） plays an important role in physiological and pathophysiological brain processes. Previous studies indicate glycine could inhibit NMDAR respons- es induced by high concentration of NMDA in hippocampal neurons. The mechanism underlying this inhibitory impact, how- ever, has been unclear. In this study, the whole-cell patch-clamp recording and Ca2＋ imaging with Fluo-3/AM under laser scanning confocal microscope were used to analyze the possible involvement of NMDAR subnnits in this effect. We found that the peak current of NMDARs and Ca2＋ influx induced by high concentration of NMDA were reduced by treatment of gly- cine （0.03-10 I.tmol L-1） in a dose-dependent manner, and that the glycine-dependent inhibition of NMDAR responses, which were induced at 300 mol L-1 NMDA, was reversed by ZnCI2 through the blocking of the NR2A subunit of NMDARs, but was less influenced by ifenprodil, a NR2B inhibitor. Our results suggest that the glycine-dependent inactivation of NMDARs is potentially modulated by the regulatory subunit NR2A.