Under ultra-supercritical pressure, the heat transfer characteristics of water in vertical upward 4- head internally ribbed tubes with a diameter of 28.65mm and thickness of 8mm were experimentally studied. The experi...Under ultra-supercritical pressure, the heat transfer characteristics of water in vertical upward 4- head internally ribbed tubes with a diameter of 28.65mm and thickness of 8mm were experimentally studied. The experiments were performed at P = 25- 34MPa, G = 450- 1800kg/（m^2·s） and q = 200 600kW/m^2. The results show that the pressure has only a moderate effect on the heat transfer of uhra-supercritical water when the water temperature is below the pseudocritical point. Sharp rise of the wall temperature near the pesudocritical region occurs earlier at a higher pressure. Increasing the mass velocity improves the heat transfer with a much stronger effect below the pesudocritical point than that above the pesudocritical point. For given pressure and mass velocity, the inner wall heat flux also shows a significant effect on the inner wall temperature, with a higher inner wall heat flux leading to a higher inner wall temperature. Increasing of inner wall heat flux leads to an early occurrence of sharp rise of the wall temperature. Correlations of heat transfer coefficients are also presented for vertical upward internally ribbed tubes.展开更多
An experiment on critical flow of water was conducted in two nozzles of 1.41 mm in diameter and 4.35 mm in length with rounded-edge and sharp-edge respectively, covering the ranges of inlet pressure of 22.1-29.1 MPa a...An experiment on critical flow of water was conducted in two nozzles of 1.41 mm in diameter and 4.35 mm in length with rounded-edge and sharp-edge respectively, covering the ranges of inlet pressure of 22.1-29.1 MPa and inlet temperature of 38-474 ℃. More than 200 data points were obtained and the characteristics and parametric trends were investigated. In the region of near and beyond pseudo-critical temperature the thermal-equilibrium is dominant, and the flow rate can be estimated by the modified homogeneous equilibrium model. In the below pseudo-critical region the results exhibit scattered feature as a result of hysteresis effect in the onset of vaporization, characterizing a bifurcation behavior. This effect is more significant in the nozzle with sharp-edge, especially at higher pressure. For temperature well below the pseudo-critical point, the flow is not at critical condition and the flow rate can be represented by the Bernoulli equation reasonably.展开更多
Experimental research has long shown that forced-convective heat transfer in wall-bounded turbulent flows of fluids in the supercritical thermodynamic state is not accurately predicted by correlations that have been d...Experimental research has long shown that forced-convective heat transfer in wall-bounded turbulent flows of fluids in the supercritical thermodynamic state is not accurately predicted by correlations that have been developed for single-phase fluids in the subcritical thermodynamic state. In the present computational study, the statistical properties of turbulent flow as well as the development of coherent flow structures in a zero-pressuregradient flat-plate boundary layer are investigated in the absence of body forces, where the working fluid is in the supercritical thermodynamic state. The simulated boundary layers are developed to a friction Reynolds number of 250 for two heat-flux to mass-flux ratios corresponding to cases where normal heat transfer and improved heat transfer are observed. In the case where improved heat transfer is observed, spanwise spacing of the near-wall coherent flow structures is reduced due to a relatively less stable flow environment resulting from the lower magnitudes of the wall-normal viscosity-gradient profile.展开更多
We investigated the dynamic evaporating behaviors of water droplet on superhydrophobic surfaces with micropillars.Our experimental data showed that receding contact angles of the water droplet increased with the decre...We investigated the dynamic evaporating behaviors of water droplet on superhydrophobic surfaces with micropillars.Our experimental data showed that receding contact angles of the water droplet increased with the decreasing of the scale of the micropillars during evaporation,even though the solid area fractions of the microstructured substrates remained constant.We also experimentally found that the critical contact diameters of the transition between the Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel states are affected not only by the geometrical parameters of the microstructures,but also by the initial volume of the water droplet.The measured critical pressure is consistent with the theoretical model,which validated the pressure-induced impalement mechanism for the wetting state transition.展开更多
In this study, experiments have been performed for an investigation on heat transfer of water in an inclined downward tube with an inner diameter of 20 mm and an inclined angle of 45° from the horizon, with the r...In this study, experiments have been performed for an investigation on heat transfer of water in an inclined downward tube with an inner diameter of 20 mm and an inclined angle of 45° from the horizon, with the range of pressure from 11.5 to 28 MPa, mass flux from 450 to 1550 kg/(m2 s), and heat flux from 50 to 585 k W/m2. Based on the experimental data, the temperature distribution in the tube wall was derived. The heat transfer characteristics of inclined downward flow were compared with that of vertical downward flow. The effects of heat flux on wall temperature were analyzed and the corresponding empirical correlations were presented. The results show that heat transfer characteristics of water in the inclined downward tube are not uniform along the circumference from the top surface to the bottom surface. An increase in heat flux exacerbates the non-uniformity. At subcritical pressures, both dry-out and departure from nucleate boiling(DNB) occur at the top surface of the inclined downward tube; inversely, only dry-out takes place on the bottom surface of the inclined downward tube and in the vertical downward tube. At near-critical pressures, DNB and dry-out occur in the comparing tubes with greater possibility. At supercritical pressures, heat transfer gets enhanced in the pseudo-critical enthalpy region; in the high enthalpy region, the top surface temperature of the inclined downward tube decreases obviously.展开更多
基金Supported by the High Technology Research and Development Programme of China （No. 2002AA526012 ）and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 50323001）.
文摘Under ultra-supercritical pressure, the heat transfer characteristics of water in vertical upward 4- head internally ribbed tubes with a diameter of 28.65mm and thickness of 8mm were experimentally studied. The experiments were performed at P = 25- 34MPa, G = 450- 1800kg/（m^2·s） and q = 200 600kW/m^2. The results show that the pressure has only a moderate effect on the heat transfer of uhra-supercritical water when the water temperature is below the pseudocritical point. Sharp rise of the wall temperature near the pesudocritical region occurs earlier at a higher pressure. Increasing the mass velocity improves the heat transfer with a much stronger effect below the pesudocritical point than that above the pesudocritical point. For given pressure and mass velocity, the inner wall heat flux also shows a significant effect on the inner wall temperature, with a higher inner wall heat flux leading to a higher inner wall temperature. Increasing of inner wall heat flux leads to an early occurrence of sharp rise of the wall temperature. Correlations of heat transfer coefficients are also presented for vertical upward internally ribbed tubes.
文摘An experiment on critical flow of water was conducted in two nozzles of 1.41 mm in diameter and 4.35 mm in length with rounded-edge and sharp-edge respectively, covering the ranges of inlet pressure of 22.1-29.1 MPa and inlet temperature of 38-474 ℃. More than 200 data points were obtained and the characteristics and parametric trends were investigated. In the region of near and beyond pseudo-critical temperature the thermal-equilibrium is dominant, and the flow rate can be estimated by the modified homogeneous equilibrium model. In the below pseudo-critical region the results exhibit scattered feature as a result of hysteresis effect in the onset of vaporization, characterizing a bifurcation behavior. This effect is more significant in the nozzle with sharp-edge, especially at higher pressure. For temperature well below the pseudo-critical point, the flow is not at critical condition and the flow rate can be represented by the Bernoulli equation reasonably.
基金Funding by the Government of Ontario and Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL)
文摘Experimental research has long shown that forced-convective heat transfer in wall-bounded turbulent flows of fluids in the supercritical thermodynamic state is not accurately predicted by correlations that have been developed for single-phase fluids in the subcritical thermodynamic state. In the present computational study, the statistical properties of turbulent flow as well as the development of coherent flow structures in a zero-pressuregradient flat-plate boundary layer are investigated in the absence of body forces, where the working fluid is in the supercritical thermodynamic state. The simulated boundary layers are developed to a friction Reynolds number of 250 for two heat-flux to mass-flux ratios corresponding to cases where normal heat transfer and improved heat transfer are observed. In the case where improved heat transfer is observed, spanwise spacing of the near-wall coherent flow structures is reduced due to a relatively less stable flow environment resulting from the lower magnitudes of the wall-normal viscosity-gradient profile.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11072126)
文摘We investigated the dynamic evaporating behaviors of water droplet on superhydrophobic surfaces with micropillars.Our experimental data showed that receding contact angles of the water droplet increased with the decreasing of the scale of the micropillars during evaporation,even though the solid area fractions of the microstructured substrates remained constant.We also experimentally found that the critical contact diameters of the transition between the Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel states are affected not only by the geometrical parameters of the microstructures,but also by the initial volume of the water droplet.The measured critical pressure is consistent with the theoretical model,which validated the pressure-induced impalement mechanism for the wetting state transition.
基金supported by the "Strategic Priority Research Program" Demonstration of Key Technologies for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Low-rank Coal (Grant No. XDA07030100)
文摘In this study, experiments have been performed for an investigation on heat transfer of water in an inclined downward tube with an inner diameter of 20 mm and an inclined angle of 45° from the horizon, with the range of pressure from 11.5 to 28 MPa, mass flux from 450 to 1550 kg/(m2 s), and heat flux from 50 to 585 k W/m2. Based on the experimental data, the temperature distribution in the tube wall was derived. The heat transfer characteristics of inclined downward flow were compared with that of vertical downward flow. The effects of heat flux on wall temperature were analyzed and the corresponding empirical correlations were presented. The results show that heat transfer characteristics of water in the inclined downward tube are not uniform along the circumference from the top surface to the bottom surface. An increase in heat flux exacerbates the non-uniformity. At subcritical pressures, both dry-out and departure from nucleate boiling(DNB) occur at the top surface of the inclined downward tube; inversely, only dry-out takes place on the bottom surface of the inclined downward tube and in the vertical downward tube. At near-critical pressures, DNB and dry-out occur in the comparing tubes with greater possibility. At supercritical pressures, heat transfer gets enhanced in the pseudo-critical enthalpy region; in the high enthalpy region, the top surface temperature of the inclined downward tube decreases obviously.
