响应面—满意度函数优化姜黄郁金多糖和黄酮共提工艺条件及其抗氧化性研究

以姜黄郁金为研究对象,采用响应面—满意度函数优化乙醇体积分数、料液比、超声时间和超声温度4个因素对姜黄郁金多糖和黄酮提取率的影响。结果表明,姜黄郁金多糖和黄酮共提条件为:以水为提取溶剂、超声温度50℃、料液比(m(姜黄郁金)∶V水)1∶22(g/mL)、超声时间20min,此时多糖和黄酮的提取率分别为1.01%,0.23%,满意度为0.8237,与预测值相差甚小,说明该提取工艺可靠、可行。抗氧化试验表明,姜黄郁金多糖和黄酮对DPPH自由基最大清除率分别为(42.91±0.54)%,(65.46±0.38)%;对ABTS自由基最大清除率分别为(33.28±0.69)%,(34.26±0.18)%,说明其对DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基均有明显的清除能力,且黄酮的清除能力强于多糖。

Ultrasound-associated extraction of seed oil of Korean pine

Experiment on ultrasound- associated extraction of seed oil of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) was conducted in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China. The factorsaffecting extraction yield, such as ultrasonic frequency, extracting temperature, extracting timeand the ratio of material to liquid (ratio of Korean pine seed to absolute alcohol), were analyzedunder specific condition and the optimal extracting parameters were obtained as the ultrasonicfrequency 32 000 Hz, the extracting temperature 80 ℃, the extracting time 50 min, and the ratio ofmaterial to liquid 1: 30. The study demonstrates that ultrasound is a reliable and great efficiencytool for the fast extraction of Korean pine seed oil.

Determination of contents of eight alkaloids in fruits of Macleaya cordata (Willd) R. Br. from different habitats and antioxidant activities of extracts

A reliable ultrasound-assisted extraction （UAE） method combined with HPLC-UV for quantification of eight active alkaloids in fruits of Macleaya cordata （Willd） R. Br. was developed. The optimization conditions of UAE were obtained by using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology. Chromatography was carried out using a Kromasil C18 column by gradient elution with 0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution for HPLC-UV. All calibration curves showed good linear correlation coefficients （R^2〉0.999 6） and recoveries （from 97.3% to 104.9%） were acceptable. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） method was employed to test the antioxidant activity of the extract from the samples. The proposed method was successfully applied to quantifying eight components in nine samples of M.cordata, and significant variations of alkaloid contents and antioxidant aetivity of the samples from different habitats were demonstrated. It presents a powerful proof for the selection of the best sources to extract eight kinds of alkaloids.

Evaluating the performances of accelerated-solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction for determining PCBs, HCHs and DDTs in sediments

Three extraction techniques have been recently used for the quantitative extraction of semi-volatile organic pollutants in sediments, i.e. accelerated solvent extraction （ASE）, microwave assisted extraction （MAE） and ultrasonic assisted extraction （UAE）. However, their extraction efficiencies have rarely been quantitatively compared using rigorous mathematical methods. In this paper, one-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） was employed to evaluate the performance of ASE, MAE and UAE in the overall extraction of PCBs, DDTs and HCHs by analysis of their recoveries from the Standard Reference Material IAEA-417, a sediment sample certified by many international laboratories. Conclusions were drawn at a significance level of P〈 0.05. No significant differences were found among the mean values for method recoveries using ASE, MAE and UAE. The mean values for real recoveries using ASE and MAE were nearly identical, but the real recovery using UAE was much lower. The concentrations of all PCBs, DDTs and HCHs except for CB52 and o,p＇-DDT using UAE were the lowest. Comparing the results obtained using ASE with MAE, the concentrations of CB28, CB52, CB138, ct-HCH, [3-HCH, p,p＇-DDE and p,p＇-DDD were nearly identical, while the concentrations of other compounds were significantly different. Based on the low recoveries, it was concluded that UAE is a relatively inefficient extraction method, while ASE and MAE are equivalent methods. Taking into consideration the relative standard deviation （RSD） values, solvent volume, extraction time, and purchasing costs of the apparatus, MAE was considered superior to ASE for extraction of PCBs, DDTs and HCHs.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of pectin from chaenomeles

Ultrasound was applied for the extraction of pectin from chaenomeles. The content of pectin was evaluated by carbazole colorimetric method. Based on the results of the single factor experiment and the orthogonal tests, the optimum extraction parameters are as follows: the solid-to-liquid ratio is 1:4 g/m L, the ultrasonic power is 320 W, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction temperature is 60 °C, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction time is 50 min, and p H value is 2.0. Compared with acid hydrolyze methods, the extraction time of the present technique decreases from 70 min to 50 min, and the extraction yield increases from 1.39% to 2.61%. The results show that ultrasonic-assisted extraction is time-saving and highly efficient, so it provides a new way to extract pectin from chaenomeles.

Optimization of the Extraction Technology of Chlorogenic Acid from Sunflower Meal Using Response Surface Methodology

[ Objective] To optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of chlorogenic acid from sunflower meal. [ Method] Based on the sin-gle-factor test, the extraction factors of ethanol concentration, extraction temperature and extraction time were optimized using the response surface methodology with the extraction rate of chlorogenic acid as the response value. [ Result] The optimum extraction conditions of chlorogenic acid from sunflower meal were 57% of ethanol concentration, 39 min of extraction time, 53 ~C of extraction temperature, 100 W of ultrasonic power, 1 ： 14 （ g/ ml） of solid-liquid ratio and one time of extraction. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of chlorogenic acid was 2.25%. [ Conclusion] Ultra-sonic assisted extraction method has high extraction rate but short time, the study provides a theoretical basis for the industrialized production of chlorogenic acid in sunflower meal.

Ultrasound-assisted Enzymatic Extraction of SDF on Passion Fruit Seeds

Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of soluble dietary fiber(SDF) from passion fruit seeds was carried out in order to shorten the extraction time and increase the yield of SDF. The effects of cellulase concentration, ultrasonic power, extraction temperature, solid-liquid ratio and water bath time on the SDF yield of passion fruit were studied by single factor analysis. And the orthogonal experiment was designed to optimize the extraction conditions. The results showed that the optimum conditions for the extraction of SDF from passion fruit by ultrasoundassisted enzymatic method were cellulase concentration 1.5%, ultrasonic power 120 W, solid-liquid ratio(g/mL) 1 ∶ 15, extraction temperature 55 ℃, and water bath time 160 min. The SDF extraction rate was determined to be 5.12%.

Optimization of Response Surface of Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Rizhao Black Tea

[ Objectivel The aim was to determine the optimal technology for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of black tea was determined. [ Methed] Taking Black Tea as materials, the Box-Behnken response surface design method of tea polyphenols ultrasonic-assisted extraction process optimi- zation was applied. The regression optimization model of the ethanol volume fraction, ultrasonic time, and ultrasonic temperature, ethyl acetate extract stalling time and tea polyphenols was established. [ Result] The influence of four factors on the black tea polyphenol solvents affecting size was as follows： ultrasonic time 〉 ethanol volume fraction 〉 stalling extraction time 〉 ultrasound temperature. The best extraction process was ultrasonic time 80 min, volume fraction of 88.99% ethanol, extraction time 89.97 min, ultrasonic temperature of 80℃. At the optimized technical parameters, the black tea phenolic extraction yield can be as high as 73.50%. [ Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the development of tea leaves and black tea.

A Comparative Study of Process Parameter Optimization and Process of Flavonoid in Planted Trollius Chinensis through Backflow Method, Ultrasonic Wave Method and MicrowaveMethod

It takes flavonoid extraction rate as indicator and adopts the method of orthogonal experiment to study process of total flavonoid in Trollius chinensis through ultrasonic wave assisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction and backflow extraction, as well as optimization of process parameter. The result indicates that in terms of extraction efficiency, microwave extraction method is better than ultrasonic radiation extraction method, which is better than backflow extraction method. Optimal process parameter through backflow extraction is： backflow temperature 60℃, fluid material ratio 1：20, ethanol density 65%, backflow time 60min; optimal process parameter through ultrasonic wave assisted extraction is： ultrasonic radiation temperature 70℃, fluid material ratio 1：20, ethanol density 65%, ultrasonic wave radiation time 45rain; optimal process parameter of microwave assisted extraction is： microwave radiation temperature 60℃, fluid material ratio 1：20, ethanol density 75%, microwave radiation time 45min.

Optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction of six major compounds from Cimicifugae Rhizome

Cimicifugae Rhizome （RC） is one of many commonly used traditional Chinese medicines. This study used Box-Behnken Design （BBD）, a widely used form of response surface methodology （RSM）, to optimize the conditions of the ultrasound-assisted extraction （UAE） for the extraction of phenolic compounds from CimicifugaeRhizome. The influence of three independent variables, including ethanol concentration （%）, extraction time （min） and solvent-to-material ratio （mL/g）, on the extraction yields of phenolic compounds were examined. The results demonstrated that the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction （UAE） conditions were as follows： ethanol concentration of 68%, an extraction time of 19 min, and solvent-to-material ratio of 30 mL/g for the extraction of caffeic acid, cimicifugoside, ferulic acid, isoferulicacid, cimifugin, 4′-O-β-glucopyranosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol. These results demonstrated the suitability of UAE for the extraction of phenolic compounds from CimicifugaeRhizome.

Comparison of microwave-assisted extraction of aloe-emodin in aloe with Soxhlet extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction

This paper reports the extraction of aloe-emodin from aloe by microwave-assisted extraction. The effects of various factors, including the solvent, the ratio （mL/g） of the solvent to the sample, microwave irradiation time and microwave power, were discussed in the experiments. The yield of aloe-emodin was determined by HPLC. The optimized conditions for micro- wave-assisted extraction of aloe-emodin were concluded as follows： the solvent is 80% ethanol （V/V） solution, microwave ir- radiation time is 3 rain and microwave power is 340 W. Additionally, HPLC fingerprint was developed for consistency evalua- tion of aloe. The similarities of 3 aloe samples obtained by microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction and Soxhlet extraction were more than 0.9, indicating that 3 aloe samples were consistent. Compared with Soxhlet extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave extraction is a rapid method with higher yield and less solvent consumption. Aloe samples treated by microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction and Soxhlet extraction were observed using transmission electronic microscopy. The micrographs provide evidence of more breakage of chloroplasts treated by micro- wave-assisted extraction as compared to Soxhlet extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction.

Optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction of celastrol from Celastrus monospermus Roxb.using response surface methodology

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of key extraction parameters including extraction time（10–20 min）, extraction temperature（30–60 °C）, ultrasonic power（60–90 W） and solvent-to-solid（S/S） ratio（10–30 m L/g） on yield of celastrol from Celastrus monospermus Roxb. To optimize the conditions, we investigated the effects of parameters on the ultrasound assisted extraction（UAE） with the Box-Behnken Design（BBD）, one widely used form of Response Surface Methodology（RSM）. In all tested solvents, ethanol was the most effective for celastrol extraction, followed by methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. A second order polynomial model was fitted well to the extraction experimental data with R2 of 0.9928. Extraction yield of 3.116 mg/g was obtained for celastrol under the optimized extraction conditions of extraction time（20 min）, extraction temperature（46 °C）, ultrasonic power（60 W） and S/S ratio（30 m L/g）. Experimental validation was performed, and the experimental values agreed well with the predicted values. The results indicated that the UAE was good extraction material for celastrol from C. monospermus Roxb.