水分胁迫下新红星苹果超氧物自由基累积和膜脂过氧化作用

以新红星苹果盆栽幼树为试材，研究了水分胁迫下新红星苹果超氧物自由基累积和膜脂过氧化作用，结果表明：（1）不同程度水分胁迫均使叶片内O2ˉ·产生速率增加，膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量增多，细胞质膜相对透性增大。（2）不同程度水分胁迫使叶片内SOD、CAT活性、ASA含量在水分胁迫前期比对照均有不同程度的提高，随着胁迫时间的延长，SOD、CAT活性、ASA含量大幅度下降，且下降幅度：重度胁迫＞中度胁迫＞轻度胁迫。轻度胁迫SOD、CAT活性、ASA含量高于对照水平；中度胁迫SOD、CAT活性虽下降，但仍高于对照水平，ASA于第21天低于对照水平；重度胁迫SOD、CAT活性、ASA含量均于第18天低于对照水平。

Ca^(2+)对叶绿体中超氧物自由基产生以及由ACC形成乙烯的影响

高浓度Ca^(2+)(0.1 mol/L)使叶绿体产生O_2^+的能力下降,旋转相关时间(τ_c)增大34.3％,即膜的流动性降低,并抑制ACC形成乙烯;衰老时细胞内的Ca^(2+)作用却与此相反;O_2^+的生成与乙烯的产量成正相关(r=0.941)。EGTA,吩噻嗪和W_7等加入到叶绿体反应体系中,可使O_2^+的产量下降,ACC形成乙烯减少;相反,亚油酸作为Ca^(2+)载体,却使之明显升高,但亚油酸本身产生乙烯的量比ACC少得多。因此推测:高浓度Ca^(2+)可能影响叶绿体膜的状态,从而影响EFE的构象或者减少O_2^+的生成,抑制ACC的转化,衰老时细胞内的Ca^(2+)可启动钙信使系统,使O_2^+的产量升高,而其中膜脂过氧化是衰老的中心环节,因此O_2^+的升高可能是诱发衰老启动的重要因素。

植物的超氧物自由基与羟胺反应的定量关系

除了ESR(电子自旋共振)之外,能有一种简易有效的检测植物超氧物自由基(O_2^-)方法,无疑对植物氧代谢研究十分重要。原则上许多检测SOD的方法,如化学发光、NBT还原、细胞色素、连苯三酚、肾上腺素和羟胺氧化,都可用来检测生物系统的O_2^-。但由于干扰因素颇多,实际应用时困难不少。Elstner认为用羟胺氧化反应来检测O_2^-、灵敏度较高,专一性较好,药剂价廉,而且能同时检测大量样品。

植物体内超氧物自由基（O2^—）检测的EPR自旋捕捉技术

McCord和Fridovich在1968年发现了超氧物歧化酶(SOD)并研究了其生物学作用,提出了氧毒害的超氧物自由基学说。此学说已为越来越多的实验证实。在研究动物和植物的衰老以及逆境生理时,常需测定SOD酶,因此超氧物自由基(?)检测就显得十分重要。用酶学分析技术检测(?),不仅灵敏度低,而且由于(?)和羟自由基(·OH)

油桃裂果与膜脂过氧化的关系

以华光油桃为试材,研究了油桃裂果与果实生长发育过程中超氧物自由基积累和膜脂过氧化的关系。结果表明:果实着色期,果实内的超氧物自由基积累,SOD活性因受抑制而下降,MDA含量上升,细胞膜受伤害而透性增大,此时为裂果最严重时期;随后裂果率下降,SOD活性上升,MDA含量下降,膜透性降低,细胞逐渐修复;在接近采收时SOD活性下降,MDA含量再次上升。这除和成熟有关外还与因降雨、灌溉等引起的裂果有关。果实发育过程中SOD活性与MDA含量、细胞膜透性呈负相关,SOD活性高的果实不易裂果。

铈对小麦幼苗叶绿体的保护作用

在Ce存在下 ,研究盐胁迫下和人工·O- 2 源处理不同条件下小麦叶绿体的希尔反应速率和MDA含量可知 :·O- 2 可破坏叶绿体的结构与功能 ,Ce可通过清除·O- 2 而保护叶绿体。在一定浓度范围内 ,Ce浓度越大 ,对叶绿体的保护作用越强。

N-acetylcysteine attenuates alcohol-induced oxidative stess in rats

AIM:To investigate free-radical scavenger effect of n- acetylcysteine in rats intragastrically fed with ethanol. METHODS:Twenty-four rats divided into three groups were fed with ethanol (6 g/kg/day,Group 1),ethanol and n- acetylcysteine (1 g/kg,Group 2),or isocaloric dextrose (control group,Group 3) for 4 weeks.Then animals were sacrificed under ether anesthesia,and intracardiac blood and liver tissues were obtained.Measurements were made in both serum and homogenized liver tissues. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level was measured by TBARS method.Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were studied by commercial kits. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS:ALT and AST in Group 1 (154 U/L and 302 U/L, respectively) were higher than those in Group 2 (94 U/L and 155 U/L) and Group 3 (99 U/L and 168 U/L) (P=0.001 for both).Serum and tissue levels of MDA in Group 1 (1.84 nmol/mL and 96 nmol/100 mg-protein) were higher than that in Group 2 (0.91 nmol/mL and 64 nmol/100 mg protein) and Group 3 (0.94 nmol/ml and 49 nmol/100 mg-protein) (P<0.001 for both).On the other hand,serum GSH-Px level in Group 1 (8.21 U/g Hb) was lower than that in Group 2 (16 U/g Hb) and Group 3 (16 U/g-Hb) (P<0.001).Serum and liver tissue levels of SOD in Group 1 (11 U/mL and 26 U/100 rag-protein) were lower than that in Group 2 (18 U/ mL and 60 U/100 mg protein) and Group 3 (20 U/mL and 60 U/100 rag-protein) (P<0.001 for both). CONCLUSION:Ethanol-induced liver damage was associated with oxidative stress,and co-administration of n-acetylolsteine attenuates this damage effectively in rat model.

Antioxidative capacity and enzyme activity in Haematococcus pluvialis cells exposed to superoxide free radicals

The antioxidative capacity of astaxanthin and enzyme activity of reactive oxygen eliminating enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD),peroxidase (POD),catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were studied in three cell types of Haematococcus pluvialis exposed to high concentrations of a superoxide anion radical (O2ˉ).The results show that defensive enzymes and astaxanthin-related mechanisms were both active in H.pluvialis during exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as Oˉ2.Astaxanthin reacted with ROS much faster than did the protective enzymes,and had the strongest antioxidative capacity to protect against lipid peroxidation.The defensive mechanisms varied significantly between the three cell types and were related to the level of astaxanthin that had accumulated in those cells.Astaxanthin-enriched red cells had the strongest antioxidative capacity,followed by brown cells,and astaxanthin-deficient green cells.Although there was no significant increase in expression of protective enzymes,the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in red cells was sustained at a low level because of the antioxidative effect of astaxanthin,which quenched Oˉ2 before the protective enzymes could act.In green cells,astaxanthin is very low or absent;therefore,scavenging of ROS is inevitably reliant on antioxidative enzymes.Accordingly,in green cells,these enzymes play the leading role in scavenging ROS,and the expression of these enzymes is rapidly increased to reduce excessive ROS.However,because ROS were constantly increased in this study,the enhance enzyme activity in the green cells was not able to repair the ROS damage,leading to elevated MDA content.Of the four defensive enzymes measured in astaxanthin-deficient green cells,SOD eliminates Oˉ2,POD eliminates H2O2,which is a by-product of SOD activity,and APX and CAT are then initiated to scavenge excessive ROS.

Antioxidant Activity of Isothiocyanate Extracts from Broccoli

Isothiocyanates(ITCs) extracts were prepared from fresh broccoli.Their antioxidant properties were evaluated by using the in vitro bioassays,including superoxide anion radical( 2 O·-) ,hydroxyl radical(HO·-) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydracyl(DPPH·) radical-scavenging methods,lipid peroxidation assay,and reducing power assay.The ITCs extracts exhibited significant dose-dependent antioxidant activities(P<0.01) .Its antioxidant-stability was affected by temperature and storage condition,although it was more stable than vitamin C(Vc) .GC-MS iden-tified sulforaphane in the ITCs extracts.The antioxidant activity of sulforaphane was approximately one tenth to one fifth of that of Vc.Sulforaphane was experimented to be one of dominating contributors to antioxidant capacity of ITCs extracts.However,there was no direct antioxidant activity found for benzyl isothiocyanate(BITC) in vitro. Therefore,it could be concluded that the general group(-N=C=S) was not the essential part for the antioxidant activity of sulforaphane.It is suggested that the ITCs extracts from broccoli can be developed into a promising food additive for healthy food.

Sulfated polysaccharides with antioxidant and anticoagulant activity from the sea cucumber Holothuria fuscogliva

Sea cucumber is a traditional nutritional food and medicinal resource with many bioactive components in China. Holothuriafuscogliva is a big sea cucumber with a rich of bioactive polysaccharides. To investigate the bioactivities of the polysaccharides from sea cucumber H. fuscogliva, we prepared the sulfated polysaccharides （HfP） from sea cucumber H. fuscogliva using a protease hydrolysis method. Antioxidant activities of HfP were investigated, including hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and superoxide radical scavenging activity. And, the anticoagulant activities of HfP were studied, including the activated partial thromboplastin time （APTT）, prothrombin time （PT） and thrombin time （TT）. The average molecular weight was 1 867.1 Da, with a sulfate content of 20.7%. In addition, the molar ratio of monosaccharide composition of HfP was Man： Rha： Glc A： Glc： Gal： Xyl： Fuc=0.083 6： 0.437： 0.134： 0： 1.182： 0.748： 1. It had a strong antioxidant activity, the hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging activity ECs0 of HfP was 3.74 and 0.037 mg/mL, respectively. It also showed a good anticoagulant activity in our study. The APTT of HfP was much higher than that of heparin sodium, and the PT and TT of HfP was close to that ofheparin sodium at a low concentration. Therefore, HfP shows a good antioxidant and anticoagulant activity and it may become a potential candidate of the natural antioxidant and anticoagulant and will have a good application future in health product or medicine industry.

The Scavenging of Free Radical and Oxygen Species Activities and Hydration Capacity of Collagen Hydrolysates from Walleye Pollock(Theragra chalcogramma) Skin

Fish skin collagen hydrolysates （FSCH） were prepared from walleye pollock （Theragra chalcogramrna） using a mixture of enzymes, namely trypsin and flavourzyme. The degree of hydrolysis of the skin collagen was 27.3%. FSCH was mainly composed of low-molecular-weight peptides and the relative proportion of 〈1000Da fraction was 70.6%. Free radical and oxygen species scavenging activities of FSCH were investigated in four model systems, including diphenylpicrylhy-drazyl radical （DPPH）, superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide model, and compared with that of a native antioxidant, reduced glutathione （GSH）. FSCH was also evaluated by water-absorbing and water-holding capacity. The results showed that FSCH was able to scavenge free radical and oxygen species significantly and to enhance water-absorbing and water-holding capacity remarkably. Therefore FSCH may have potential applications in the medicine and food industries.

Chemical constituents and antioxidant activities of waste liquid extract from Apostichopus japonicus Selenka processing

Apostichopus japonicus Selenka is an ideal tonic food that is used traditionally in many Asian countries, and it contains many bioactive substances, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer materials. To convert waste liquid generated during production into a useful resource, extract from waste liquid was isolated by column chromatography and studied by the pyrogallol autoxidation and 1,10-phenanthroline-Fe^2＋ oxidation methods. Results show that the extract scavenged about 91% of the superoxide anion radical at a concentration of 1.4 mg/mL and 24% of the hydroxyl radical at 3.3 mg/mL. Four compounds were isolated and identified from the extract： 2,4-dihydroxy-5-methyl-1,3-azine; 2,4-dihydroxy- 1,3-diazine; 3-O-β-D-quinovopranosyl-（1→2）-4-O-sodium sulfate-β-D-xylopranosyl]-holosta-9（11）-ene313,12β,17α-triol; and 24-ethyl-5α-cholesta-7-ene-3β-O-β-D-xylopyranoside. All of these compounds are known in A. japonicus, and were found in the waste liquid for the first time.

Assembly of layer-by-layer films of superoxide dismutase and gold nanorods:A third generation biosensor for superoxide anion

Based on the layer-by-layer self-assembly of positively charged cetyltrimethylammonium bromide （CTAB） wrapped gold na- norods （AuNRs） and negatively charged superoxide dismutase （SOD） from their aqueous solutions on cysteine modified gold electrode （Cys/Au）, a third generation electrochemical biosensor （（SOD/AuNRs）2/Cys/Au） for superoxide anion （02＂-） was developed. The two layers assembly of SOD/AuNRs can significantly enhance the direct electron transfer between SOD and the electrode. The functional enzymatic activities of the SOD offer an electrochemical approach to the determination of 02＂-. In the reductive regions, the proposed sensor exhibits excellent analytical performances, such as wide linear range （200 nM to 0.2 mM O2-）, low detection limit （100 nM O2-）, high sensitivity （22.11 nA cm-2 μM-1）, short response time （less than 5 s）, good stability and reproducibility, while no obvious interferences are caused by commonly met interfering species including hydrogen peroxide （H202）, uric acid （UA） and ascorbic acid （AA）.