超盐体系下铜铁氰络合物的去除及机理

为解决由于浸出液中铜氰络离子(CuCN_3^(2-),CuCN_4^(3-))和铁氰络离子(FeCN_6^(4-))的存在造成金矿石氰化浸出过程中NaCN和活性炭的消耗量增加的问题,初步探讨了超盐体系下铜、铁氰络离子的存在形式,并对比分析了过氧化氢氧化法、氯氧化法和酸化法对上述络合离子的去除效果.结果表明,3种方法对铜氰络离子的去除率均在99%以上,而对铁氰络离子的去除率分别为73%,62%和55%;同时,对于超盐体系的氰化废水,质子化作用比氧化作用更有利于铜、铁氰络离子的分解和去除.

超盐环境下含氮碳气凝胶的制备及其在超级电容器中的应用

多孔碳材料因其优异的导电性和稳定性,以及成本低廉等优点而成为当今的研究热点之一。以苯酚、甲醛和三聚氰胺为原料,利用高浓度氯化锌来提供超盐环境,经溶剂热反应后,在氮气中800℃下热解制得了含氮碳气凝胶(N CA)。扫描电子显微镜、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱和氮气吸附等表征结果表明,该含氮碳气凝胶具有分级多孔蜂窝状结构,其比表面积高达729.6m^2/g。采用三电极测试体系测试了含氮碳气凝胶的电化学性能,结果表明,在三电极体系中,以0.5mol/LH2SO4作为电解液,含氮碳气凝胶在电流密度为1A/g时比电容达到350.7F/g;在电流密度为20A/g时,经过10000次充放电后,含氮碳气凝胶的电容保持率仍高达97.8%。在双电极体系中,含氮碳气凝胶在800W/kg的功率密度下,能量密度可达26.8(W·h)/kg。上述结果表明,该含氮碳气凝胶是一种非常理想的超级电容器电极材料。

青藏高原盐湖细菌群落与超盐环境因素的相关性

以青藏高原极端盐湖为研究对象,采用16S r RNA基因(V3~V4区)高通量测序方法分析盐湖细菌的群落结构差异和超盐环境因子的制约相关性.结果显示,超盐环境样本中细菌的群落结构组成相对稳定,进化趋同,且复杂度和多样性指数显著低于非超盐环境.青藏高原超盐环境中细菌的优势类群是厚壁菌门Firmicutes(74.04%~81.04%)、次为变形菌门Proteobacteria(15.51%~20.06%)、拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes(2.68%~4.84%)和放线菌门Actinobacteria(0.71%~2.45%).比较分析其它类型超盐环境,青藏高原超盐环境具有高丰度的特色属群芽孢杆菌属Bacillus(50.63%~58.35%)、乳球杆菌属Lactococcus(9.28%~11.81%)和海洋芽孢杆菌属Oceanobacillus(8.41%~10.52%).基于典范对应CCA分析,表明优势属群(Bacillus、Lactococcus、Pseudomonas、Oceanobacillus、Stenotrophomonas、Psychrobacter、Myroides、Brochothrix和Arthrobacter)和超盐样本的聚集,与环境因子(总盐度、Cl^-、K^+、Mg^(2+)和CO_3^(2-)浓度)呈明显的正相关.

宁晋超深盐穴储气库盐系地层地应力测定分析

地应力是盐穴储气库钻完井设计、运行压力设计等方面的重要基础数据,同时在储气库安全运行、经营管理等方面具有非常重要的意义。宁晋石盐田盐岩平均埋深超过2700 m,而国际上基于超深盐岩地应力的研究鲜有报道,这使宁晋盐穴储气库造腔层段地应力的测定面临很大的技术挑战。文章主要以水压致裂法(HF)和声发射试验(AE)两种测试方法为主,对比已有的区域构造应力测试结果,基于Z1资料井对研究区盐系地层地应力分布特征进行综合分析,研究表明:(1)Z1井盐系地层水平最大主应力方向总体表现为近东西向;(2)Z1井盐系地层地应力整体上随深度增大,水平最大主应力为51.9~60.0 MPa,水平最小主应力为43.2~53.7 MPa,垂向最大应力为65.7 MPa;(3)Z1井盐系地层地应结构总体表现为S_(V)>S_(H)>S_(h),垂向应力为最大主应力,区域应力状态属于正断层应力环境。

高耐盐性超强吸水剂的合成及性能研究

以环己烷为连续相 ,N ,N’ -亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂 ,过硫酸钾为引发剂 ,Span60为悬浮稳定剂 ,采用反相悬浮聚合法合成了高耐盐性超强吸水丙烯酰胺 -马来酸酐交联共聚物。研究了共聚反应的单体配比、中和度、交联剂含量、引发剂含量诸因素对所合成共聚物的吸水率和吸盐率的影响。并对共聚物的吸水速率进行了研究。合成的共聚物吸水率达 840 g/g ,吸 0 9%NaCl溶液可达 2 70 g/g。

超耐氯盐腐蚀混凝土及快速测试系统实验设计

基于混凝土材料学的基本原理,以大学生创新创业项目为依托,制作一种超耐氯盐腐蚀的混凝土。根据法拉第定律设计了一套钢筋混凝土腐蚀快速测试系统。该实验设计过程不但巩固和拓展了学生的理论知识体系,训练了学生解决复杂工程问题的科学思维,还提升了学生的创新能力和团队合作精神。另外,利用OBE教育教学理念对试验设计过程进行动态管理,确保项目顺利执行并进一步提升学生的科研素质。

反相悬浮法制备高岭土/聚丙烯酸钠盐超吸水性复合材料的研究

采用反相悬浮法制备吸水倍率大约为1000的高岭土/聚丙烯酸钠盐超吸水性复合材料,在反应液中添加高岭土与单体进行交联反应,以提高材料的综合性能并降低成本。使用SEM观察了材料的成粒情况,讨论了影响聚高岭土/丙烯酸钠超吸水性复合材料吸水倍率的因素,如高岭土、交联剂、引发剂、分散剂的用量,及油水比和中和度。

一类新型多氟氮超酸锂盐电解液的性质研究

合成了一类新型多氟氮超酸锂金属盐──二（多氟烷氧基）磺酰基氨化锂，ＬｉＮ（ＳＯ２ＯＲｆ）２（Ｒｆ＝－ＣＨ２ＣＦ３，－ＣＨ２ＣＦ２ＣＦ３，－ＣＨ３ＣＦ２ＣＦ２Ｈ，－ＣＨ（ＣＦ３）２），并用ＩＲ，１ＨＮＭＲ，１９ＦＮＭＲ对它们的结构进行了表征．以碳酸丙烯酯（ＰＣ）和乙二醇二甲醇（ＤＭＥ）为混合溶剂，研究了由这些锂盐组成的电解液的性质．结果显示，新型氟氮超酸锂盐的电化学性能十分优良，可以满足锂电池电解液的要求．讨论了引入不同的取代基所导致的对溶液导电性和阳极抗氧化性能的影响．

盐间超压裂缝形成机制及其页岩油气地质意义——以渤海湾盆地东濮凹陷古近系沙河街组三段为例

以渤海湾盆地东濮凹陷古近系沙河街组三段盐间富有机质页岩为例,综合运用薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、流体包裹体分析、测井资料分析、地层压力反演等手段,对盐间页岩超压成因及超压裂缝的发育特征、形成演化机制和期次及页岩油气地质意义进行研究。结果表明,东濮凹陷盐湖盆地普遍发育超压,盐膏岩层封堵及欠压实作用、生烃增压作用、黏土矿物转化脱水作用、断层封闭作用是形成超压的4个主要因素。盐间超压裂缝规模较小,平均长度356.2μm,平均地下开度11.6μm,但密集发育,平均面密度0.76 cm/cm^2,且多伴随油气充注,有效性好。超压缝主要形成于距今25~30 Ma和距今0~5 Ma的两次油气大规模充注时期。盐间超压裂缝对页岩油气具有储集空间和运移通道双重作用,对孔隙度的贡献率为22.3%,对渗透率的贡献率为51.4%,可连通多尺度裂缝系统,大幅改善储集层物性。在开发过程中,盐间超压裂缝可影响水力压裂缝的延伸和形态,形成复杂的高渗透性体积缝网,提升水力压裂效果,增加页岩油气产能。

Construction and Properties of the Me_(10)Q[5]/2,7-diaminofluorenedihydrochloride Supramolecular Hydrogel

Compared to traditional polymer hydrogels,supramolecular hydrogels exhibits superior reversibility and stimulus response due to the instantaneous and reversible nature of non-covalent bonds.In this paper,we utilized the host-guest exclusion interaction between Decamethylcucurbit[5]uril(Me_(10)Q[5])and the 2,7-diaminofluorenedihydrochloride(DAF·HCl)to construct a Q[n]-based hydrogel system.The composition,structure,and properties of the hydrogel were compre-hensively characterized using rheometer,nuclear magnetic resonance,scanning electron microscope.This cost-effective and straightforward hydrogel synthesis method paves the way for the scalable production of practical and commercially viable Q[n]-based hydrogels.

Discussion on the Problem of Salt Gland of Glycine soja

Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc. plants living in saline soil in three provinces of China were treated with different salinity concentrations under different laboratory culture conditions (including solution, sand and field cultivation). The attachment shape and distribution on the surface of stalk and leaf of G. soja plants were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the ultrastructure of glandular hair with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Na+ and Cl- contents in the secretion of the leaf surface and inside the leaf of G. soja subjected to different treatments were measured. The Na+ relative contents in glandular cells, epidermal cells and mesophyllous cells of leaves under different salinities were determined by X-ray microanalysis. Results show that only glandular and epidermal hair exist on the surface attachments of leaves and stalks of G. soja plants. These glandular hair were similar in shape to some salt glands of Gramineae halophytes, and they attached to the vein on the leaf surface. The cell structure of the glandular hair showed the characteristics of common salt glands, such as big vacuoles, dense cytoplasm, a great deal of mitochondria, chloroplast, plasmodesmata and thicker cell walls, etc. The results of Na+ and Cl- contents in the leaf secretion and inside the leaf showed that the glandular hair executed the function of salt-secretion, and when treated with the salt gland inhibitor the salt-secretion process was inhibited. As a result, Na+ and Cl- were mainly accumulated inside G. soja leaves. The results of Na+ X-ray microanalysis under different salinities proved that the three cells of the glandular hair, especially the top cell, possessed strong competence for Na+ accumulation. Above all, the glandular hair were the salt gland, and no other kind of salt glands were found on G. soja plants. The secreting mechanism of the salt gland was also discussed.

Salt-assisted Synthesis of Hollow Bi_2WO_6 Microspheres with Superior Photocatalytic Activity for NO Removal

Hollow Bi2WO6 microspheres are successfully synthesized by a facile ultrasonic spray pyrolysis（USP） method using NaCl as a salt template.The as-prepared hollow microspheres assembled as nanoplates with dimensions of approximately 41-148 nm and are dispersed with non-uniform pores on the template surface.By swapping the salt template with KC1 or Na2SO4,different morphologies of Bi2WO6 are obtained.The experimental results demonstrate that NaCl plays a key role on the formation of Bi2WO6 with hollow structures.The specific growth mechanism of hollow microspheres was studied in detail.The Bi2WO6 hollow microspheres exhibit an excellent photocatalytic efficiency for NO removal under solar light irradiation,which is 1.73 times higher than for the Bi2WO6 obtained in the absence of any salt template.This enhancement can be ascribed to the simultaneous improvement on the surface area and visible light-harvesting ability from the hollow structures.Electron spin resonance（ESR） results suggest that both radicals of ·OH and ·O2^- are involved in the photocatalytic process over the BWO-NaCl sample.The production of ·O2^- radicals offers better durability for NO removal.

Responses of Picoplankton to Nutrient Perturbation in the South China Sea, with Special Reference to the Coast-wards Distribution of Prochlorococcus

Responses of Prochlorococcus (Pro), Synechococcus (Syn), pico-eukaryotes (Euk) and heterotrophic bacteria (Bact) in pelagic marine ecosystems to external nutrient perturbations were examined using nitrogen- (N), phosphorus- (P), iron- (Fe), and cobalt- (Co) enriched incubations in the South China Sea in November 1997. Variations in abundance of the 4 groups of microorganism and cellular pigment content of the autotrophs during incubation were followed by flow-cytometric measurements for seven days. During the incubation, Syn and Euk showed a relatively higher demand on Fe and N, while Pro required higher levels of Co and P. The Fe was inadequate for all the organisms in the deep euphotic zone (75 m) of the study area. The experimental results also implied that biological interaction among the organisms played a role in the community structure shift during the incubation. It seemed that besides the effects of temperature, there are some other physical and chemical limitations as well as impacts from biological interactions on Pro distribution in coast waters.

黄场超深多夹层盐穴储气库建设实践与认识

通过阐述目前湖北黄场盐穴储气库建设概况,总结实践以来取得的地质工程认识。库区选层埋藏深,盐夹层层数多,给溶腔工程带来较大挑战。加强地质再认识,优化部署,探索适宜的深层溶腔工艺技术仍是重点攻关方向。加快超深多夹层储气库建设,对于提高全国储气库运行效率将具有重大意义。

Pretreatment of Crude Oil by Ultrasonic-electric United Desalting and Dewatering

A technology of ultrasonic-electric united desalting and dewatering of crude oil is studied. The ultrasonic setup is designed to form a standing-wave field, which is more efficient for agglomeration of water particles. The desalting and dewatering results of the ultrasonic-electric united process are compared with those of the electric process. For high salt-contenting crude oil （40-70 mg·L ^-1）, the salt content is still above 10.0 mg·L^-1 after crude oil has been treated by two-stage electric desalting process in refinery, which cannot meet the need of refinery. Ultrasonic-electric united process is a novel technology for treating the high salt-contenting oil. On the optimal operating conditions of the ultrasonic-electric united process, the salt content of crude oil can be reduced from 67 5 mg·L^-1 to 3.97 mg·L ^-1 by one-stage ultrasonic-electric united process, and the water content falls below 0.3% （by volume）. The results show that the ultrasonic-electric united process is more effective than the electric process in high salt-contenting oil desalting. This technology should be useful in the refinery process.

Effects of Hypergravity on Salt Tolerance of Wheat Seedlings

[ Objective] The study aimed to reveal the effects of hypergravity on salt tolerance of wheat seedlings. [ Method ] The seed germination rate （Gr） and germination index （Gi） of wheat seedlings were measured under hypergravity of 600 × g or 1 000 × g for 4 h and under the stress of 0.4% or 0.9% salt solution. The catalase （CAT） activity and malondialdehyde （MDA） content of wheat seedlings were also measured under 0.4% salt stress. [Result] Compared with seedlings in CK group （no hypergravity or salt stress）, the Gr and Gi of the seedlings in salt stress treatment decreased to different extents; while the Gr and Gi of the seedlings in treatment group （hypergravity and salt stress） increased compared with that in salt stress group. CAT in seedlings of hypergravity treatment was higher than that of CK group and 0.4% salt treatment group, meanwhile the MDA showed an opposite result. [ Conclusion] Hypergravity could enhance the salt resistance of wheat in specific range, and hypergravity of 600 × g for 4 h performed better than that of 1 000 ×g for 4 h.

Effect of Silicon on Leaf Ultrastructure, Chlorophyll Content and Photosynthetic Activity of Barley Under Salt Stress

Two contrasting cultivars of barley (Horderm vykgare L.): Kepin No. 7 (salt sensitive), and Jian 4 (salt tolerant) were grown in a hydroponics system with 2 NaCl levels: 60 mmol NaCl L-1 and 120 mmol NaCl L-1, and 3 Si levels: 0 mmol Si L-1, 0.5 mmol Si L-1 and 1.0 mmol Si L-1 (as silicic acid). Compared with the plants treated with 60 mmol NaCl L-1 alone, the leaf chlorophyll contents of plants treated with salt and Si increased significantly for salt-sensitive cultivar at tillering stage, but for salt-tolerant cultivar,the addition of Si resulted in an obvious increase in the leaf chlorophyll content of plants exposed to 120 mmol NaCl L-1. However, this Si-enhancement of leaf chlorophyll content was also observed in the salttolerant plants at jointing stage, but not in the salt-sensitive plants. Moreover, leaf chlorophyll content was consistently higher for the salt-tolerant cultivar than for the salt-sensitive cultivar irrespective of salt and/or Si treatment. Compared with the plants treated with salt alone, net CO2 assimilation rate in plant leaves increased significantly for both cultivars when trested with salt and Si. The addition of Si to the salt treatment was found to improve the cell ultrastructure of leaves. Under salt stress condition, the double membranes of chloroplasts disappeared, but membrane integrity was markedly improved in the salt treatment supplemented with Si. Silicon was also found to ameliorate the damage to the ultrastructure of chloroplast granae which appeared to be disintegrated and vague in salt treatments without added Si. The results support previous work which showed that Si decreases the permeability of plasma membranes of salt-stressed barley, thus mitigating salt damage.

Influence of Reactive Diluent on UV-curing of AcrylateTerminated Hyperbranched Polymers

A Aeries of hydroxylic hyperbranched polymers were derived from 2,2-bis(methylol) propionic acid and tris(methylol) propane reacted with acrylic acid to various extents. The obtained acrylated hyperbranched polymers alone or with a monofunctional diluent, isobornylene acrylate(IBOA) were further cured by UV radiation. The cured films based on the modified polymers alone all demonstrated poor mechanical properties due to their high network densities and low moving ability of polymer chains. For the composite systems, the cured films demonstrated improved mechanical properties due to the low network densities and high chain moving ability. With more IBOA included in the systems, acrylate groups can react to a higher extent during the curing process.

深水窄压力窗口控压钻井技术进展及应用

深水钻井通常都面临恶劣海洋环境、海底低温高压、窄压力窗口、浅层地质风险、作业成本高等严峻挑战。为了解决深水钻井中遇到最具挑战的窄压力窗口难题,业界提出并发展了控制压力钻井技术。主要介绍了控制压力钻井技术概念以及在深水钻井中应用的几类控制压力钻井系统,包括表层动态压井钻井系统、连续循环钻井系统、环空压力动态控制钻井系统、双梯度钻井系统、泥浆帽钻井系统等。最后,通过介绍控压钻井系统在中海油墨西哥湾盐下超深水井的实际成功应用,为后续其他深水项目提供一定的借鉴。