The NB （Nile River Basin） is considered one of the most population lives in its riparian countries. Out of the latter about 50% live important basins in Africa, as over 33% of the African in the NB. In this paper a ...The NB （Nile River Basin） is considered one of the most population lives in its riparian countries. Out of the latter about 50% live important basins in Africa, as over 33% of the African in the NB. In this paper a historical background on the NB cooperation evolvement including the recent NBI （NB Initiative） is briefly reported. The natural and human challenges facing the Nile water management are examined and discussed. The present dilemma among the Nile riparian countries is highlighted and its reasons are explained. The latter includes the NB CFA （Cooperative Framework Agreement）, which has been signed by six countries （Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda） while rejected by Egypt, Sudan and not signed by DR of Congo. Eretria and the newly established country ＂South Sudan＂ stands are not yet clear. Based on scientific methodology and analytical discussion, a number of solutions for better management of the trans-boundary Nile waters are drawn; taking into consideration the experiences of other international rivers shared basins. Finally, the paper concludes with recommendations and guidelines that may help in the way forward.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to explore the major issues involved in introducing sustainability concepts into university curricula in an interdisciplinary manner, through Systems Thinking. It is generally accepted that a ...The aim of this paper is to explore the major issues involved in introducing sustainability concepts into university curricula in an interdisciplinary manner, through Systems Thinking. It is generally accepted that a holistic approach is essential in sustainability studies, but teaching such a new and complex topic to a diverse student population is by no means easy. In this study, sustainability is viewed in the context of Systems Thinking, particularly in Complexity Management domain. A general framework is proposed with the intension of guiding potential instructors who are planning to teach sustainability through Systems Thinking. The framework includes only the suggested systems-oriented material and a review of some system methodologies; it does not cover sustainability issues. Methodologies known as System Dynamics and Soft Cybernetics are explored and emphasized particularly in the paper due to their importance. The framework is kept general enough so that it appeals to students and instructors with a variety of background.展开更多
文摘The NB （Nile River Basin） is considered one of the most population lives in its riparian countries. Out of the latter about 50% live important basins in Africa, as over 33% of the African in the NB. In this paper a historical background on the NB cooperation evolvement including the recent NBI （NB Initiative） is briefly reported. The natural and human challenges facing the Nile water management are examined and discussed. The present dilemma among the Nile riparian countries is highlighted and its reasons are explained. The latter includes the NB CFA （Cooperative Framework Agreement）, which has been signed by six countries （Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda） while rejected by Egypt, Sudan and not signed by DR of Congo. Eretria and the newly established country ＂South Sudan＂ stands are not yet clear. Based on scientific methodology and analytical discussion, a number of solutions for better management of the trans-boundary Nile waters are drawn; taking into consideration the experiences of other international rivers shared basins. Finally, the paper concludes with recommendations and guidelines that may help in the way forward.
文摘The aim of this paper is to explore the major issues involved in introducing sustainability concepts into university curricula in an interdisciplinary manner, through Systems Thinking. It is generally accepted that a holistic approach is essential in sustainability studies, but teaching such a new and complex topic to a diverse student population is by no means easy. In this study, sustainability is viewed in the context of Systems Thinking, particularly in Complexity Management domain. A general framework is proposed with the intension of guiding potential instructors who are planning to teach sustainability through Systems Thinking. The framework includes only the suggested systems-oriented material and a review of some system methodologies; it does not cover sustainability issues. Methodologies known as System Dynamics and Soft Cybernetics are explored and emphasized particularly in the paper due to their importance. The framework is kept general enough so that it appeals to students and instructors with a variety of background.
