Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH),initially known as chronic active or active chronic hepatitis(and by various other names),first came under clinical notice in the late 1940s.However,quite likely,chronic active hepatitis(CAH)...Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH),initially known as chronic active or active chronic hepatitis(and by various other names),first came under clinical notice in the late 1940s.However,quite likely,chronic active hepatitis(CAH) had been observed prior to this and was attributed to a persistently destructive virus infection of the liver.An earlier(and controversial) designation in 1956 as lupoid hepatitis was derived from associated L.E.cell test positivity and emphasized accompanying multisystem features and immunological aberrations.Young women featured prominently in early descriptions of CAH.AIH was first applied in 1965 as a descriptive term.Disease-characteristic autoantibodies were defined from the early 1960s,notably antinuclear antibody(ANA),smooth muscle antibody(SMA) and liver-kidney microsomal(LKM) antibody.These are still widely used diagnostically but their relationship to pathogenesis is still not evident.A liver and disease specific autoantigen has long been searched for but unsuccessfully.Prolonged immunosuppressive therapy with predisolone and azathioprine in the 1960s proved beneficial and remains standard therapy today.AIH like many other autoimmune diseases is associated with particular HLA alleles especially with the "ancestral" B8,DR3 haplotype,and also with DR4.Looking forwards,AIH is one of the several enigmatic autoimmune diseases that,despite being(relatively) organ specific,are marked by autoimmune reactivities with non-organ-specific autoantigens.New paradigms are needed to explain the occurrence,expressions and pathogenesis of such diseases.展开更多
stem cell transplantation （allo-SCT） is a potential cure for patients with malignant lymphoma that is based on the graft-versus-lymphoma （GVL） effect. Myeloablative conditioning allo-SCT is associated with high mo...stem cell transplantation （allo-SCT） is a potential cure for patients with malignant lymphoma that is based on the graft-versus-lymphoma （GVL） effect. Myeloablative conditioning allo-SCT is associated with high mortality and morbidity, particularly in patients older than 45 years, heavily pretreated patients （prior hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or more than two lines of conventional chemotherapy） or patients affected by other comorbidities. Therefore, conventional allo-SCT is restricted to younger patients （〈50 to 55 years） in good physical condition. Over the last decade, allo-SCT with reduced-intensity conditioning （RIC-allo-SCT） has been increasingly used to treat patients with lymphoma. This treatment is associated with lower toxicity and substantial decrease in the incidence of transplant- related mortality, and has the potential to lead to long-term remissions. Therefore, patients who are not suitable to undergo conventional allo-SCT can benefit from the potentially curative GVL effects of allo-SCT. Although RIC-allo-SCT has improved the survival of lymphoma patients, high post-transplant relapse rates or disease progression mainly results in treatment failure. Thus, further improvement is clearly needed. The role and timing of RIC-allo-SCT in the treatment of lymphoma remains unclear. Therefore, more prospective studies should clarify the effectiveness of this method. In this article, we review the recent literature on RIC-alIo-SCT as a treatment for major lymphoma subtypes. Areas that require further investigation in the context of clinical trials are also highlighted.展开更多
Acupuncture can promote the regeneration of tissues. That acupuncture therapy can be called “Regenerative Acupuncture”, which is based upon the idea that by the unlimited and universal power of qi the process of cre...Acupuncture can promote the regeneration of tissues. That acupuncture therapy can be called “Regenerative Acupuncture”, which is based upon the idea that by the unlimited and universal power of qi the process of creation can be triggered again, disabled or destroyed physiological functions of organs and tissues can be restored, and even the reconstruction and renewal of a physically disabled or destroyed organ or tissue might be possible. Regenerative Acupuncture, its point selection and its rationale are based on the ancient and modem Chinese acupuncture literature and clinical experiences of the authors. Now this acupuncture method was introduced by one case report.展开更多
Qi as well as its ability to cure ailments can be released without needling by the application of magnetism. Qi-effects are based upon the magnetic force released by magnetic platelets fastened onto acupoints. This pr...Qi as well as its ability to cure ailments can be released without needling by the application of magnetism. Qi-effects are based upon the magnetic force released by magnetic platelets fastened onto acupoints. This property supports and proves one of the definitions of qi which says, that ＂qi is bio-electrical magnetism＂ or ＂qi is defined as any type of energy which is able to demonstrate power and strength. This energy can be electricity, magnetism, heat, or light＂. Furthermore, it is suggested to use magnet acupuncture parallel to needle acupuncture according to traditional Chinese body acupuncture rules scientifically controlled in order to carry out research on qi and qi-effects. Here it might even be possible to find a quality and even a parameter to measure the intensity of qi-effects, such as by simply measuring the possible change of the heart beat frequency （pulse frequency） before and after application of the needle or magnetic platelet. It is also possible that there is another parameter in existence which will be changed by the impact of qi and acupuncture which still needs to be detected.展开更多
There is a strong relation among qi, time, and acupuncture. This relation is so close, that it can be said it is of yin-yang nature. Qi stands for yin, time for yang. This fact and its application in acupuncture are k...There is a strong relation among qi, time, and acupuncture. This relation is so close, that it can be said it is of yin-yang nature. Qi stands for yin, time for yang. This fact and its application in acupuncture are known since the times, the Huang Di Nei Jing （Yellow Emperor＇s Inner Canon） was written. The theory of time-related acupuncture, referred to as traditional Chinese chronotherapeutics or chronoacupuncture. In order to achieve better results in acupuncture, time-related acupuncture methods as represented in traditional Chinese chronotherapeufics should be applied in clinic regularly. Furthermore, they should become compulsory for the study of acupuncture.展开更多
文摘Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH),initially known as chronic active or active chronic hepatitis(and by various other names),first came under clinical notice in the late 1940s.However,quite likely,chronic active hepatitis(CAH) had been observed prior to this and was attributed to a persistently destructive virus infection of the liver.An earlier(and controversial) designation in 1956 as lupoid hepatitis was derived from associated L.E.cell test positivity and emphasized accompanying multisystem features and immunological aberrations.Young women featured prominently in early descriptions of CAH.AIH was first applied in 1965 as a descriptive term.Disease-characteristic autoantibodies were defined from the early 1960s,notably antinuclear antibody(ANA),smooth muscle antibody(SMA) and liver-kidney microsomal(LKM) antibody.These are still widely used diagnostically but their relationship to pathogenesis is still not evident.A liver and disease specific autoantigen has long been searched for but unsuccessfully.Prolonged immunosuppressive therapy with predisolone and azathioprine in the 1960s proved beneficial and remains standard therapy today.AIH like many other autoimmune diseases is associated with particular HLA alleles especially with the "ancestral" B8,DR3 haplotype,and also with DR4.Looking forwards,AIH is one of the several enigmatic autoimmune diseases that,despite being(relatively) organ specific,are marked by autoimmune reactivities with non-organ-specific autoantigens.New paradigms are needed to explain the occurrence,expressions and pathogenesis of such diseases.
文摘stem cell transplantation （allo-SCT） is a potential cure for patients with malignant lymphoma that is based on the graft-versus-lymphoma （GVL） effect. Myeloablative conditioning allo-SCT is associated with high mortality and morbidity, particularly in patients older than 45 years, heavily pretreated patients （prior hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or more than two lines of conventional chemotherapy） or patients affected by other comorbidities. Therefore, conventional allo-SCT is restricted to younger patients （〈50 to 55 years） in good physical condition. Over the last decade, allo-SCT with reduced-intensity conditioning （RIC-allo-SCT） has been increasingly used to treat patients with lymphoma. This treatment is associated with lower toxicity and substantial decrease in the incidence of transplant- related mortality, and has the potential to lead to long-term remissions. Therefore, patients who are not suitable to undergo conventional allo-SCT can benefit from the potentially curative GVL effects of allo-SCT. Although RIC-allo-SCT has improved the survival of lymphoma patients, high post-transplant relapse rates or disease progression mainly results in treatment failure. Thus, further improvement is clearly needed. The role and timing of RIC-allo-SCT in the treatment of lymphoma remains unclear. Therefore, more prospective studies should clarify the effectiveness of this method. In this article, we review the recent literature on RIC-alIo-SCT as a treatment for major lymphoma subtypes. Areas that require further investigation in the context of clinical trials are also highlighted.
文摘Acupuncture can promote the regeneration of tissues. That acupuncture therapy can be called “Regenerative Acupuncture”, which is based upon the idea that by the unlimited and universal power of qi the process of creation can be triggered again, disabled or destroyed physiological functions of organs and tissues can be restored, and even the reconstruction and renewal of a physically disabled or destroyed organ or tissue might be possible. Regenerative Acupuncture, its point selection and its rationale are based on the ancient and modem Chinese acupuncture literature and clinical experiences of the authors. Now this acupuncture method was introduced by one case report.
文摘Qi as well as its ability to cure ailments can be released without needling by the application of magnetism. Qi-effects are based upon the magnetic force released by magnetic platelets fastened onto acupoints. This property supports and proves one of the definitions of qi which says, that ＂qi is bio-electrical magnetism＂ or ＂qi is defined as any type of energy which is able to demonstrate power and strength. This energy can be electricity, magnetism, heat, or light＂. Furthermore, it is suggested to use magnet acupuncture parallel to needle acupuncture according to traditional Chinese body acupuncture rules scientifically controlled in order to carry out research on qi and qi-effects. Here it might even be possible to find a quality and even a parameter to measure the intensity of qi-effects, such as by simply measuring the possible change of the heart beat frequency （pulse frequency） before and after application of the needle or magnetic platelet. It is also possible that there is another parameter in existence which will be changed by the impact of qi and acupuncture which still needs to be detected.
文摘There is a strong relation among qi, time, and acupuncture. This relation is so close, that it can be said it is of yin-yang nature. Qi stands for yin, time for yang. This fact and its application in acupuncture are known since the times, the Huang Di Nei Jing （Yellow Emperor＇s Inner Canon） was written. The theory of time-related acupuncture, referred to as traditional Chinese chronotherapeutics or chronoacupuncture. In order to achieve better results in acupuncture, time-related acupuncture methods as represented in traditional Chinese chronotherapeufics should be applied in clinic regularly. Furthermore, they should become compulsory for the study of acupuncture.
