AIM To identify the factors influencing cecal insertion time(CIT) and to evaluate the effect of obesity indices on CIT. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the data for participants who received both colonoscopy and a...AIM To identify the factors influencing cecal insertion time(CIT) and to evaluate the effect of obesity indices on CIT. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the data for participants who received both colonoscopy and abdominal computed tomography(CT) from February 2008 to May 2008 as part of a comprehensive health screening program. Age, gender, obesity indices [body mass index(BMI), waist-to-hip circumference ratio(WHR), waist circumference(WC), visceral adipose tissue(VAT)volume and subcutaneous adipose tissue(SAT) volume on abdominal CT], history of prior abdominal surgery, constipation, experience of the colonoscopist, quality of bowel preparation, diverticulosis and time required to reach the cecum were analyzed. CIT was categorized as longer than 10 min(prolonged CIT) and shorter than or equal to 10 min, and then the factors that required a CIT longer than 10 min were examined.RESULTS A total of 1678 participants were enrolled. The mean age was 50.42 ± 9.931 years and 60.3% were men. The mean BMI, WHR, WC, VAT volume and SAT volume were 23.92 ± 2.964 kg/m2, 0.90 ± 0.076, 86.95 ± 8.030 cm, 905.29 ± 475.220 cm3 and 1707.72 ± 576.550 cm3, respectively. The number of patients who underwent abdominal surgery was 268(16.0%). Colonoscopy was performed by an attending physician alone in 61.9% of cases and with the involvement of a fellow in 38.1% of cases. The median CIT was 7 min(range 2-56 min, IQR 5-10 min), and mean CIT was 8.58 ± 5.291 min. Being female, BMI, VAT volume and involvement of fellow were significantly associated with a prolonged CIT in univariable analysis. In multivariable analysis, being female(OR = 1.29, P = 0.047), lower BMI(< 23 kg/m2)(OR = 1.62, P = 0.004) or higher BMI(≥ 25 kg/m2)(OR = 1.80, P < 0.001), low VAT volume(< 500 cm3)(OR = 1.50, P = 0.013) and fellow involvement(OR = 1.73, P < 0.001) were significant predictors of prolonged CIT. In subgroup analyses for gender, lower BMI or higher BMI and fellow involvement were predictors for prolonged CIT in both genders. However, low VAT volume was associated with prolonged CIT in only women(OR = 1.54, P = 0.034).CONCLUSION Being female, having a lower or higher BMI than the normal range, a low VAT volume, and fellow involvement were predictors of a longer CIT.展开更多
To determine the filling body's width along the gob-side remained roadway which is underneath the gob,the authors analyzed the interaction mechanism between the roof and the supporting body along the remained road...To determine the filling body's width along the gob-side remained roadway which is underneath the gob,the authors analyzed the interaction mechanism between the roof and the supporting body along the remained roadway, based on the elastic thin plate theory of the stope roof. The stress state and mechanical response of the filling body along the remained roadway were studied. Specifically, firstly, the supporting pressure of the coal pillar which is on one side of the gob-side remained roadway was deduced.Also, an equation that is used to calculate the width of the balance area in the stress limit state was acquired. Then, an equation that is used to calculate the roof cutting force on one side of the supporting body was obtained. By using FLAC3D, the authors investigated the displacement field and stress field response laws of rock masses around the roadway with different filling body's widths. The results show that with the filling body's width increasing, the supporting ability of the filling body increases.Meanwhile, the rock mass displacement around the roadway and the filling body deformation decrease.The better the filling body's supporting effect is, the higher the roof cutting force will be. When the filling body's width is larger than 3.0 m, its internal bearing ability becomes stable and the filling body's deformation became non-apparent. Finally, analysis shows that the filling body's width should be 2.5 m.Furthermore, the authors conducted field tests in the supply roadway 1204, using high-water materials and acquired expected outcomes.展开更多
The Jain logic （Nay） addresses concerns elicited by sense experience of observable and measurable reality. Reality is what it is, and it exists independent of the observer. The last Jain Tirthankar Mahaveer suggeste...The Jain logic （Nay） addresses concerns elicited by sense experience of observable and measurable reality. Reality is what it is, and it exists independent of the observer. The last Jain Tirthankar Mahaveer suggested that organisms interact with such realities for survival needs and become concerned about the consequences. He suggested a code of conduct for reality-based behaviors to address concerns. Perceptions and impressions provide measures （praman） of information in sense experience, and with other evidence guide choices and decisions to act and bear consequences. Ethical behaviors rooted in reality have desirable consequences, and inconsistent and contradictory behaviors are undesirable consequences. Omniscience （God, Brahm） is discarded as a self-referential ad hoc construct inconsistent and contradictory to real world behaviors. This article is survey of assumptions and models to represent, interpret, and validate knowledge that begins with logical deduction for inference （anuman） based on evidence from sense experience （Jain 2011）. Secular and atheistic thrust of thought and practice encourages reasoning and open-ended search with affirmed assertions and independent evidence. Individual identity （atm） emerges with consistent behaviors to overcome fallibility and unreliability by minimizing doubt （Syad-Saptbhangi Nay）. The first Tirthankar Rishabh Nath （ca. 2700 BC） suggested that the content （sat） of real and abstract objects and concerns during a change is conserved as the net balance of the inputs and outputs （Tatia 1994）. Identity and content of assertions and evidence is also conserved during logical manipulations for reasoning. Each assertion and its negation are to be affirmed with independent evidence, and lack of evidence for presence is not necessarily the evidence for either non-absence or non-existence.展开更多
基金Supported by National Cancer Center,South Korea,No.NCC-1610250,No.NCC-1410250,and No.NCC 0810200-1
文摘AIM To identify the factors influencing cecal insertion time(CIT) and to evaluate the effect of obesity indices on CIT. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the data for participants who received both colonoscopy and abdominal computed tomography(CT) from February 2008 to May 2008 as part of a comprehensive health screening program. Age, gender, obesity indices [body mass index(BMI), waist-to-hip circumference ratio(WHR), waist circumference(WC), visceral adipose tissue(VAT)volume and subcutaneous adipose tissue(SAT) volume on abdominal CT], history of prior abdominal surgery, constipation, experience of the colonoscopist, quality of bowel preparation, diverticulosis and time required to reach the cecum were analyzed. CIT was categorized as longer than 10 min(prolonged CIT) and shorter than or equal to 10 min, and then the factors that required a CIT longer than 10 min were examined.RESULTS A total of 1678 participants were enrolled. The mean age was 50.42 ± 9.931 years and 60.3% were men. The mean BMI, WHR, WC, VAT volume and SAT volume were 23.92 ± 2.964 kg/m2, 0.90 ± 0.076, 86.95 ± 8.030 cm, 905.29 ± 475.220 cm3 and 1707.72 ± 576.550 cm3, respectively. The number of patients who underwent abdominal surgery was 268(16.0%). Colonoscopy was performed by an attending physician alone in 61.9% of cases and with the involvement of a fellow in 38.1% of cases. The median CIT was 7 min(range 2-56 min, IQR 5-10 min), and mean CIT was 8.58 ± 5.291 min. Being female, BMI, VAT volume and involvement of fellow were significantly associated with a prolonged CIT in univariable analysis. In multivariable analysis, being female(OR = 1.29, P = 0.047), lower BMI(< 23 kg/m2)(OR = 1.62, P = 0.004) or higher BMI(≥ 25 kg/m2)(OR = 1.80, P < 0.001), low VAT volume(< 500 cm3)(OR = 1.50, P = 0.013) and fellow involvement(OR = 1.73, P < 0.001) were significant predictors of prolonged CIT. In subgroup analyses for gender, lower BMI or higher BMI and fellow involvement were predictors for prolonged CIT in both genders. However, low VAT volume was associated with prolonged CIT in only women(OR = 1.54, P = 0.034).CONCLUSION Being female, having a lower or higher BMI than the normal range, a low VAT volume, and fellow involvement were predictors of a longer CIT.
基金supported by the Sub-Project of National Key Basic Research and Development Program (No. 2015CB251600)funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2014XT01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51574227)
文摘To determine the filling body's width along the gob-side remained roadway which is underneath the gob,the authors analyzed the interaction mechanism between the roof and the supporting body along the remained roadway, based on the elastic thin plate theory of the stope roof. The stress state and mechanical response of the filling body along the remained roadway were studied. Specifically, firstly, the supporting pressure of the coal pillar which is on one side of the gob-side remained roadway was deduced.Also, an equation that is used to calculate the width of the balance area in the stress limit state was acquired. Then, an equation that is used to calculate the roof cutting force on one side of the supporting body was obtained. By using FLAC3D, the authors investigated the displacement field and stress field response laws of rock masses around the roadway with different filling body's widths. The results show that with the filling body's width increasing, the supporting ability of the filling body increases.Meanwhile, the rock mass displacement around the roadway and the filling body deformation decrease.The better the filling body's supporting effect is, the higher the roof cutting force will be. When the filling body's width is larger than 3.0 m, its internal bearing ability becomes stable and the filling body's deformation became non-apparent. Finally, analysis shows that the filling body's width should be 2.5 m.Furthermore, the authors conducted field tests in the supply roadway 1204, using high-water materials and acquired expected outcomes.
文摘The Jain logic （Nay） addresses concerns elicited by sense experience of observable and measurable reality. Reality is what it is, and it exists independent of the observer. The last Jain Tirthankar Mahaveer suggested that organisms interact with such realities for survival needs and become concerned about the consequences. He suggested a code of conduct for reality-based behaviors to address concerns. Perceptions and impressions provide measures （praman） of information in sense experience, and with other evidence guide choices and decisions to act and bear consequences. Ethical behaviors rooted in reality have desirable consequences, and inconsistent and contradictory behaviors are undesirable consequences. Omniscience （God, Brahm） is discarded as a self-referential ad hoc construct inconsistent and contradictory to real world behaviors. This article is survey of assumptions and models to represent, interpret, and validate knowledge that begins with logical deduction for inference （anuman） based on evidence from sense experience （Jain 2011）. Secular and atheistic thrust of thought and practice encourages reasoning and open-ended search with affirmed assertions and independent evidence. Individual identity （atm） emerges with consistent behaviors to overcome fallibility and unreliability by minimizing doubt （Syad-Saptbhangi Nay）. The first Tirthankar Rishabh Nath （ca. 2700 BC） suggested that the content （sat） of real and abstract objects and concerns during a change is conserved as the net balance of the inputs and outputs （Tatia 1994）. Identity and content of assertions and evidence is also conserved during logical manipulations for reasoning. Each assertion and its negation are to be affirmed with independent evidence, and lack of evidence for presence is not necessarily the evidence for either non-absence or non-existence.
