The present study examines the four core concepts that underpin the various theories of cultivation of East Asian Confucian philosophy： self （ji,已）, cultivation （xiu, 修）, transformation （hua, 化）, and nurture...The present study examines the four core concepts that underpin the various theories of cultivation of East Asian Confucian philosophy： self （ji,已）, cultivation （xiu, 修）, transformation （hua, 化）, and nurture （yang,餋）. The discussion is divided into six sections. The first section, the introduction, explains the significance of the issue in question. The second section examines the substantial notion of ＂self＂ as expounded in the Confucian intellectual tradition and the corresponding concept of selthood or personhood. Confucianism stresses that （1） personal selthood is based on the freedom of subjectivity （subjective volition）, and （2） society＇s values and norms originate in this freedom of subjectivity. The third section discusses the functional concept of cultivation, focusing on the fact that in Confucian theories the terms ＂cultivation＂ and ＂body＂ are always combined to form the concept of ＂self-cultivation.＂ Moreover, Confucian thinkers tend to discuss the effort of self-cultivation in the context of a body-mind continuum. Indeed, they often use orientational metaphors in order to describe the efforts entailed by cultivation. The fourth section analyzes the linguistic setting and context of the functional concept of transformation within Confucian philosophy of the concrete self. The term ＂transformation＂ indicates clearly that Confucian philosophy is a transformative philosophy. The fifth section analyzes the functional concept of nurture, stressing that Confucius＇ two greatest followers, Mencius and Xunzi, represent two opposed approaches to nurturing. Meneius stresses that one should undertake the effort of ＂nurturing qi,＂ that is, produce culture through natural cultivation, while Xunzi advocates artificially instilling culture in order to discipline, tame, and order nature. Mencius and Xunzi both turn to the container metaphor in their discussions of self-cultivation. The article concludes that the various cultivation activities advocated by these two disparate Confucians are based on two assumptions： （1） the self coincides with the physical body, and （2） the physical self is steeped in and interactive with the cultural values of society. In sum, the functional concept of self-cultivation is an important pillar of Confucian theories of self-cultivation.展开更多
Background： Research interest in both partnered Latin dance and non-partnered Latin-themed aerobic dance has increased in recent years, likely a result of the gaining popularity of these types of instructor-led group...Background： Research interest in both partnered Latin dance and non-partnered Latin-themed aerobic dance has increased in recent years, likely a result of the gaining popularity of these types of instructor-led group classes among the mainstream dance and fitness audiences; however, the efficacy of these activities for the purposes of health promotion currently remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to simultaneously assess the physiological responses and psychological experiences during salsa dance and Zumba fitness in a community sample of physically inactive women. Methods： Twenty-four participants, aged 22-56 years, visited the laboratory to perform a graded exercise test for determination of maximal oxygen uptake and maximal heart rate. The participants then attended 2 partnered salsa dance and 2 non-partnered Zumba fitness classes each in a counterbalanced order over a 2-week period. The 1-h classes were taught by certified instructors in established venues in the Royal Borough of Kingston and the surrounding communities of London, UK. Physiological data were collected using a wrist-worn ActiGraph wGT3X＋ acceler- ometer with accompanying heart rate monitor and were processed using previously validated dance-specific techniques. Psychological experiences were measured via the Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale. Results： There was a significantly higher （p 〈 0.001） total time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity （51.2± 3.1 vs. 32.6 ±5.9 min）, total energy expenditure （411±66 vs. 210 ± 46 kcal）, and total step count （6773 ± 556 vs. 4108 ±781 steps） during Zumba fitness when compared to salsa dance. Significant pre- to post-class improvements in positive well-being （p 〈 0.01, partial 7/2 = 0.4l） and psychological distress （p 〈 0.001, partial 02 = 0.72） were simultaneously observed for both salsa dance and Zumba fitness. Conclusion： The acute responses to classes of partnered Latin dance and non-partnered Latin-themed aerobic dance suggest that in physically inactive women participation is indeed efficacious in terms of community-based physical activity and psychosocial health promotion.展开更多
Objective： The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy in alleviating the endotracheal tube related discomfort and the safetyof intracufflidocaine （in different forms） with air and/or normal saline （NS） dur...Objective： The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy in alleviating the endotracheal tube related discomfort and the safetyof intracufflidocaine （in different forms） with air and/or normal saline （NS） during general anesthesia with tracheal intubation. Methods： Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed and Embase were searched for relevant studies. Thirteen randomized, controlled trials involving 1 010 patients were ultimately identified. A meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials fulfilling the predefined criteria was performed. Random-effect model and subgroup studies were used when significant heterogeneity existed among those trials. Results： Compared with air and NS, intracufflidocaine could significantly alleviate the severity of sore throat at different time points （15min, 30min, lh, 2h, 3h, 6h, 12h and 24h aiter extubation） and the occurrence of cough, restlessness, postoperative nausea and vomiting, dysphonia and hoarseness. Besides intracufflidocaine brought about a significant prolongation of spontaneous ventilation time. It was worth mentioning that, compared withlidocaine or its hydrochloride form, alkalinized lidocainewas much more efficient in reducing the severity of sore throat and prolonging spontaneous ventilation time. Conclusion： The present meta-analysis indicates that intracuttlidocaine can significantly improve endotracheal tube tolerance and this improvement can be strengthened by alkalinization of lidocaine.展开更多
Objective:Cardiovascular disease(CVD)remains a significant public health challenge in China.Accurateperception of individual CVD risk is crucial for timely intervention and preventive strategies.This studyaimed to det...Objective:Cardiovascular disease(CVD)remains a significant public health challenge in China.Accurateperception of individual CVD risk is crucial for timely intervention and preventive strategies.This studyaimed to determine the alignment between CVD risk perception levels and objectively calculated CVDrisk levels,then investigate the disparity in physical activity and healthy diet habits among distinct CVDrisk perception categories.Methods:From March to August 2022,a cross-sectional survey was conducted in Zhejiang Province usingconvenience sampling.Participants aged between 20 and 80 years,without prior diagnosis of CVD wereincluded.CVD risk perception was evaluated with the Chinese version of the Attitude and Beliefs aboutCardiovascular Disease Risk Perception Questionnaire,while objective CVD risk was assessed through thePrediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk(China-PAR)model.Participants’demographicinformation,self-reported physical activity,and healthy diet score were also collected.Results:A total of 739 participants were included in the final analysis.Less than a third of participants(29.2%)accurately perceived their CVD risk,while 64.5%over-perceived it and 6.2%under-perceived it.Notably,half of the individuals(50.0%)with high CVD risk under-perceived their actual risk.Compared tothe accurate perception group,individuals aged 60e80 years old(OR=6.569),currently drinking(OR=3.059),and with hypertension(OR=2.352)were more likely to under-perceive their CVD risk.Meanwhile,participants aged 40-<60 years old(OR=2.462)and employed(OR=2.352)were morelikely to over-perceive their risk.The proportion of individuals engaging in physical activity was lowest inthe under-perception group,although the difference among the three groups was not statistically significant(X^(2)=2.556,P=0.278).In addition,the proportion of individuals practicing healthy diet habitswas also lowest in the under-perception group,and a significant statistical difference was observedamong the three groups(X^(2)=10.310,P=0.006).Conclusion:Only a small proportion of participants accurately perceived their CVD risk,especially amongthose with high actual CVD risk.Individuals in the under-perceived CVD risk group exhibited the lowestrates of physical activity engagement and healthy diet adherence.Healthcare professionals should prioritize implementing personalized CVD risk communication strategies tailored to specific subgroups toenhance the accuracy of risk perception.展开更多
文摘The present study examines the four core concepts that underpin the various theories of cultivation of East Asian Confucian philosophy： self （ji,已）, cultivation （xiu, 修）, transformation （hua, 化）, and nurture （yang,餋）. The discussion is divided into six sections. The first section, the introduction, explains the significance of the issue in question. The second section examines the substantial notion of ＂self＂ as expounded in the Confucian intellectual tradition and the corresponding concept of selthood or personhood. Confucianism stresses that （1） personal selthood is based on the freedom of subjectivity （subjective volition）, and （2） society＇s values and norms originate in this freedom of subjectivity. The third section discusses the functional concept of cultivation, focusing on the fact that in Confucian theories the terms ＂cultivation＂ and ＂body＂ are always combined to form the concept of ＂self-cultivation.＂ Moreover, Confucian thinkers tend to discuss the effort of self-cultivation in the context of a body-mind continuum. Indeed, they often use orientational metaphors in order to describe the efforts entailed by cultivation. The fourth section analyzes the linguistic setting and context of the functional concept of transformation within Confucian philosophy of the concrete self. The term ＂transformation＂ indicates clearly that Confucian philosophy is a transformative philosophy. The fifth section analyzes the functional concept of nurture, stressing that Confucius＇ two greatest followers, Mencius and Xunzi, represent two opposed approaches to nurturing. Meneius stresses that one should undertake the effort of ＂nurturing qi,＂ that is, produce culture through natural cultivation, while Xunzi advocates artificially instilling culture in order to discipline, tame, and order nature. Mencius and Xunzi both turn to the container metaphor in their discussions of self-cultivation. The article concludes that the various cultivation activities advocated by these two disparate Confucians are based on two assumptions： （1） the self coincides with the physical body, and （2） the physical self is steeped in and interactive with the cultural values of society. In sum, the functional concept of self-cultivation is an important pillar of Confucian theories of self-cultivation.
文摘Background： Research interest in both partnered Latin dance and non-partnered Latin-themed aerobic dance has increased in recent years, likely a result of the gaining popularity of these types of instructor-led group classes among the mainstream dance and fitness audiences; however, the efficacy of these activities for the purposes of health promotion currently remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to simultaneously assess the physiological responses and psychological experiences during salsa dance and Zumba fitness in a community sample of physically inactive women. Methods： Twenty-four participants, aged 22-56 years, visited the laboratory to perform a graded exercise test for determination of maximal oxygen uptake and maximal heart rate. The participants then attended 2 partnered salsa dance and 2 non-partnered Zumba fitness classes each in a counterbalanced order over a 2-week period. The 1-h classes were taught by certified instructors in established venues in the Royal Borough of Kingston and the surrounding communities of London, UK. Physiological data were collected using a wrist-worn ActiGraph wGT3X＋ acceler- ometer with accompanying heart rate monitor and were processed using previously validated dance-specific techniques. Psychological experiences were measured via the Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale. Results： There was a significantly higher （p 〈 0.001） total time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity （51.2± 3.1 vs. 32.6 ±5.9 min）, total energy expenditure （411±66 vs. 210 ± 46 kcal）, and total step count （6773 ± 556 vs. 4108 ±781 steps） during Zumba fitness when compared to salsa dance. Significant pre- to post-class improvements in positive well-being （p 〈 0.01, partial 7/2 = 0.4l） and psychological distress （p 〈 0.001, partial 02 = 0.72） were simultaneously observed for both salsa dance and Zumba fitness. Conclusion： The acute responses to classes of partnered Latin dance and non-partnered Latin-themed aerobic dance suggest that in physically inactive women participation is indeed efficacious in terms of community-based physical activity and psychosocial health promotion.
文摘Objective： The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy in alleviating the endotracheal tube related discomfort and the safetyof intracufflidocaine （in different forms） with air and/or normal saline （NS） during general anesthesia with tracheal intubation. Methods： Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed and Embase were searched for relevant studies. Thirteen randomized, controlled trials involving 1 010 patients were ultimately identified. A meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials fulfilling the predefined criteria was performed. Random-effect model and subgroup studies were used when significant heterogeneity existed among those trials. Results： Compared with air and NS, intracufflidocaine could significantly alleviate the severity of sore throat at different time points （15min, 30min, lh, 2h, 3h, 6h, 12h and 24h aiter extubation） and the occurrence of cough, restlessness, postoperative nausea and vomiting, dysphonia and hoarseness. Besides intracufflidocaine brought about a significant prolongation of spontaneous ventilation time. It was worth mentioning that, compared withlidocaine or its hydrochloride form, alkalinized lidocainewas much more efficient in reducing the severity of sore throat and prolonging spontaneous ventilation time. Conclusion： The present meta-analysis indicates that intracuttlidocaine can significantly improve endotracheal tube tolerance and this improvement can be strengthened by alkalinization of lidocaine.
基金received funding from Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.LGF21H170001)the Health Commission of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.2023KY759)Hospital Management soft science research project of Kangenbei in Zhejiang province(2023ZHA-KEB104).
文摘Objective:Cardiovascular disease(CVD)remains a significant public health challenge in China.Accurateperception of individual CVD risk is crucial for timely intervention and preventive strategies.This studyaimed to determine the alignment between CVD risk perception levels and objectively calculated CVDrisk levels,then investigate the disparity in physical activity and healthy diet habits among distinct CVDrisk perception categories.Methods:From March to August 2022,a cross-sectional survey was conducted in Zhejiang Province usingconvenience sampling.Participants aged between 20 and 80 years,without prior diagnosis of CVD wereincluded.CVD risk perception was evaluated with the Chinese version of the Attitude and Beliefs aboutCardiovascular Disease Risk Perception Questionnaire,while objective CVD risk was assessed through thePrediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk(China-PAR)model.Participants’demographicinformation,self-reported physical activity,and healthy diet score were also collected.Results:A total of 739 participants were included in the final analysis.Less than a third of participants(29.2%)accurately perceived their CVD risk,while 64.5%over-perceived it and 6.2%under-perceived it.Notably,half of the individuals(50.0%)with high CVD risk under-perceived their actual risk.Compared tothe accurate perception group,individuals aged 60e80 years old(OR=6.569),currently drinking(OR=3.059),and with hypertension(OR=2.352)were more likely to under-perceive their CVD risk.Meanwhile,participants aged 40-<60 years old(OR=2.462)and employed(OR=2.352)were morelikely to over-perceive their risk.The proportion of individuals engaging in physical activity was lowest inthe under-perception group,although the difference among the three groups was not statistically significant(X^(2)=2.556,P=0.278).In addition,the proportion of individuals practicing healthy diet habitswas also lowest in the under-perception group,and a significant statistical difference was observedamong the three groups(X^(2)=10.310,P=0.006).Conclusion:Only a small proportion of participants accurately perceived their CVD risk,especially amongthose with high actual CVD risk.Individuals in the under-perceived CVD risk group exhibited the lowestrates of physical activity engagement and healthy diet adherence.Healthcare professionals should prioritize implementing personalized CVD risk communication strategies tailored to specific subgroups toenhance the accuracy of risk perception.
