车联网中协作车——车通信系统在N-Rayleigh信道下ASEP性能分析

文章基于N-Rayleigh衰落信道,研究了固定增益放大转发(Fixed-gain Amplifyand-forward,FAF)协作车——车通信系统的平均符号误码率(Average Symbol Error Probability,ASEP)性能。文章首先基于矩生成函数(Moment Generating Function,MGF)的方法,分别推导了车——车间无线通信系统(Inter Vehicle Communication Systems,IVC)采用相移键控调制(Phase Shift Keying,PSK)、正交幅度调制(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation,QAM)、脉冲幅度调制(Pulse Amplitude Modulation,PAM)等相干检测调制方式下的ASEP的精确表达式。然后对不同通信系统条件下ASEP性能做了数值仿真,使理论分析结果得到了验证。仿真结果表明,随着中继车辆节点数的增加,系统的ASEP性能得到了良好的改善。

用于自动驾驶仿真测试的车——车事故场景复杂度评价

为解决自动驾驶仿真测试场景选取依据缺乏问题,进行了车车事故场景复杂度评价。从中国国家车辆事故深度调查体系(NAIS)数据库中,筛选出670例车车事故;根据场景不同维度,提取13项变量;基于信息熵理论,建立了车车事故场景复杂度评价模型。用逻辑回归得到变量水平优势比,来计算水平复杂度;使用反向传播(BP)神经网络算法,获取场景各维度及变量权重。用该模型计算各个事故案例的场景复杂度,通过K-means聚类将场景复杂度分为4个等级,得到各场景具有优势占比的特征及死亡情况。结果表明:4级复杂度场景占比1.6%,但死亡率高达90.9%,此类场景值得重点关注。

车联网中面向V2V安全即时通信的密钥分配方案设计

随着无线通信技术在车联网中的广泛应用,基于无线通信技术的"车—车"通信成为车联网目前研究的主要方向之一,"车—车"通信安全问题也成为关注热点。针对"车—车"安全通信中车辆计算和存储能力有限的问题,分析现有的密钥分配方案及典型加密算法,梳理密码应用需求,使用国产商用密码,利用哈希确保传递信息的完整性,利用对称加密确保传递信息的机密性,完成了一种面向"车—车"安全即时通信的轻量级密钥分配方案,并通过实例设计典型场景,验证该方案具有去中心化和轻量级密钥分配两大优点,为"车—车"通信安全防护技术的实际运用提供参考与借鉴。

“■车”考

吐鲁番出土墓表中习见“车”一词,其义颇难索解。经考证:“车”实即“虬车”,义同“龙輀”,指车辕雕饰有虬龙图案的运载灵柩的丧车。其车辕饰以“虬龙”形,殆愿死者能乘龙升天,化为仙人,常居极乐。

基于Pc-Crash的道路交通碰撞事故再现分析

针对3起不同类型的交通事故,根据现场采集的事故参与方信息,利用Pc-Crash软件建立多刚体动力学模型,对事故过程进行再现分析,从而确定事故参与者在碰撞前的形态.涉及道路弱势群体参与的碰撞类型,事故再现主要集中在车辆损坏信息与人员伤亡信息的交互融合性;涉及到车辆大面积损坏的碰撞类型,事故再现主要集中在碰撞角度、制动反应时间、转向角度等碰撞序列、车辆运行轨迹与事故现场采集信息的一致性.

Vehicle and terrain interaction based on Adams-Matlab co-simulation

A kind of construction truck model is built in Adams based on multi-body dynamic theory. The rigid and elastic wheels of tire-soil contact models are proposed based on the Bekker pressure model and the Jonasi shear soil model, and they are described in the form of S-function to enhance the calculation efficiency and simulation accuracy. Finally, the interaction of truck and soil is simulated by Adams-Maflab co-simulation to study the influence of soft terrain on the ride comfort of vehicles. The co-simulation results reveal that the terrain properties have a great influence on the ride comfort of vehicles as well as driving speed, road roughness and cargo weight. This co-simulation model is convenient for adding the factor of terrain deformation to the analysis of vehicle ride comfort. It can also be used to optimize suspension system parameters especially for off-road vehicles.

Customized Optimization for Vehicle Acoustic Statistical Energy Analysis

Statistical Energy Analysis(SEA) is one of the conventional tools for predicting vehicle high-frequency acoustic responses.This study proposes a new method that can provide customized optimization solutions to meet NVH targets based on the specific needs of different project teams during the initial project stages.This approach innovatively integrates dynamic optimization,Radial Basis Function(RBF),and Fuzzy Design Variables Genetic Algorithm(FDVGA) into the optimization process of Statistical Energy Analysis(SEA),and also takes vehicle sheet metal into account in the optimization of sound packages.In the implementation process,a correlation model is established through Python scripts to link material density with acoustic parameters,weight,and cost.By combining Optimus and VaOne software,an optimization design workflow is constructed and the optimization design process is successfully executed.Under various constraints related to acoustic performance,weight and cost,a globally optimal design is achieved.This technology has been effectively applied in the field of Battery Electric Vehicle(BEV).

Study of Controlling Clutch Engagement for AMT Based on Fuzzy Logic

The control of the clutch engagement for an automatic mechanical transmission in the process of a tracklayer getting to start is studied. The dynamic model of power transmission and automatic clutch system is developed. Using tools of Simulink, the transient characteristics during the vehicle starting, including the jerk and the clutch slip time, are provided here. Based on the analyses of the simulation results and driver’s experiences, a fuzzy controller is designed to control the clutch engagement. Simulation results verify its value.

Rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures in the middle course

In order to improve the rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures in the middle course to reduce the rutting of asphalt pavement, the influence of different types of gradation with their own optimal asphaltaggregate ratios is analyzed. Some investigations are made out on the mixture in the middle course through the modified wheel tracking test in air bath and the Hamburg wheel tracking test （HWTT） in water bath, and the results of which are compared with the corresponding research in Germany. Results show that the Sup20 and the modified AC-20I have better performance than that of AC-20I under the same test conditions. In addition, the high-quality bitumen and hard aggregate can improve the rutting performance of the mixture in water-submerged conditions. The selection of modified asphalt, hard aggregate and a reasonable gradation are essential to the improvement of the rutting resistance of the mixtures used in the middle course.

Evaluation of the impacts of adaptive cruise control system on improving fuel efficiency of urban road traffic

The impact of the adaptive cruise control（ ACC）system on improving fuel efficiency is evaluated based on the vehicle-specific power. The intelligent driver model was first modified to simulate the ACC system and it was calibrated by using empirical traffic data. Then, a five-step procedure based on the vehicle-specific power was introduced to calculate fuel efficiency. Five scenarios with different ACC ratios were tested in simulation experiments, and sensitivity analyses of two key ACC factors affecting the perception-reaction time and time headway were also conducted. The simulation results indicate that all the scenarios with ACC vehicles have positive impacts on reducing fuel consumption. Furthermore, from the perspective of fuel efficiency, the extremely small value of the perception-reaction time of the ACC system is not necessary due to the fact that the value of 0.5 and 0.1 s can almost lead to the same reduction in fuel consumption. Finally, the designed time headway of the ACC system is also proposed to be large enough for fuel efficiency, although its small value can increase capacity. The findings of this study provide useful information for connected vehicles and autonomous vehicle manufacturers to improve fuel efficiency on roadways.

Factors affecting headway regularity on bus routes

The common phenomenon of uneven headway in bus service is explored based on the automatic vehicle location （AVL） data of Route 2 in Yichun City of Jiangxi province from 6：00 to 9：00 in the morning. The headway regularity of two stages 6： 00--7：00 and 7： 00--9：00 is comparatively analyzed, and it is found that both the traffic conditions and the passenger demand affect headway regularity. A bus arrival model, which assumes that the dwell time of a bus is linear in headway, is built to probe the effect of scheduled headway, and the model is simulated by Matlab. The simulation results reveal that the departure intervals and fluctuations affect headway regularity. Longer intervals and less fluctuation mean higher regularity of headway. And, the fluctuation has a more obvious influence on headway regularity than the interval. Controlling the fluctuations of scheduled headway can effectively raise the regularity of headway and improve the level of public transport service.

Video-based urban expressway traffic measurement and performance monitoring

This paper presents an urban expressway video surveillance and monitoring system for traffic flow measurement and abnormal performance detection. The proposed flow detection module collects traffic flow statistics in real time by leveraging multi-vehicle tracking information. Based on these online statistics, road operating situations can be easily obtained. Using spatiotemporal trajectories, vehicle motion paths are encoded by hidden Markov models. With path division and parameter matching, abnormal performances containing extra low or high speed driving, illegal stopping and turning are detected in real scenes. The traffic surveillance approach is implemented and evaluated on a DM642 DSP-based embedded platform. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system is feasible for the detection of vehicle speed, vehicle counts and road efficiency, and it is effective for the monitoring of the aforementioned anomalies with low computational costs.

Evaluation method on bus arrival headway reliability

To accurately capture the measurement of bus reliability and evaluate whether the transit system is properly operated an evaluation framework is established to assess the reliability of the transit system from different stratifications including stops routes and network levels.The bus operation data of the Hefei city is analyzed as a case study.Comparison is conducted to show the improvement made by using the advanced method and an example of adding exclusive bus lanes to the existing bus route is provided. The proposed advanced method can avoid the shortcomings of the traditional method.For example the value of the reliability using the traditional coefficient of variation CV is not between 0 and 1 and the value of reliability can decrease with the increase in the transit headway etc. The case study shows that the advanced method can represent the real operation condition of the transit system and can be used to evaluate the transit headway reliability more reasonably.

Experimental analysis of the slip sinkage effect based on real vehicle test

To improve the semi-empirical model, the slip sinkage effect is analyzed based on the real vehicle test. A dynamic testing system is used to gain the dynamic responses of wheel-soil interactions, The Gauss-Newton algorithm is adopted to estimate the undetermined parameters involved in the slip sinkage models. Wong＇s original model is compared with three typical slip sinkage models on the prediction performance of a drawbar pull. The maximum error rate, root mean squared error and correlation coefficient are utilized to evaluate the performance. The results indicate that the slip sinkage models outperform Wong＇s model and greatly improve the prediction accuracy. Lyasko＇s model is confirmed as an outstanding one for its comprehensive performance. Hence, the existence of the slip sinkage effect is validated. Lyasko＇s model is selected as an optimal one for the practical evaluation of military vehicle trafficability.

Benzene and Toluene Levels Measured with DOAS During Vehicular Restrictions in Beijing

Measurements of atmospheric benzene and toluene were carried out continuously using dif- ferential optical absorption spectroscopy from August 7 to August 28 in Beijing during the period of vehicular restrictions. The correlations between traffic flows and totals of benzene and toluene were studied during the period of vehicular traffic restrictions from August 17 to August 20 and non-traffic restrictions on August 16 and August 21. The correlation coef- ficient was 0.8 between benzene and toluene. And the calculated daily mean value ratios of benzene to toluene were 0.43-0.50. During the period of vehicular restrictions, traffic flows were reduced about 11.8% and the levels of benzene and toluene were reduced by 11.4% and 12.8%, respectively. The vehicle emissions were recognized as the major sources for atmospheric benzene and toluene in Beijing.

SOLVING FLEXIBLE JOB SHOP SCHEDULING PROBLEM BY GENETIC ALGORITHM

The job shop scheduli ng problem has been studied for decades and known as an NP-hard problem. The fl exible job shop scheduling problem is a generalization of the classical job sche duling problem that allows an operation to be processed on one machine out of a set of machines. The problem is to assign each operation to a machine and find a sequence for the operations on the machine in order that the maximal completion time of all operations is minimized. A genetic algorithm is used to solve the f lexible job shop scheduling problem. A novel gene coding method aiming at job sh op problem is introduced which is intuitive and does not need repairing process to validate the gene. Computer simulations are carried out and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Traffic light detection and recognition in intersections based on intelligent vehicle

To ensure revulsive driving of intelligent vehicles at intersections, a method is presented to detect and recognize the traffic lights. First, the stabling siding at intersections is detected by applying Hough transformation. Then, the colors of traffic lights are detected with color space transformation. Finally, self-associative memory is used to recognize the countdown characters of the traffic lights. Test results at 20 real intersections show that the ratio of correct stabling siding recognition reaches up to 90%;and the ratios of recognition of traffic lights and divided characters are 85% and 97%, respectively. The research proves that the method is efficient for the detection of stabling siding and is robust enough to recognize the characters from images with noise and broken edges.

Relationship between number of passing events and operating parameters in mixed bicycle traffic

This paper investigates the passing events between electric bicycles and conventional bicycles and explores the relationships between passing events and traffic parameters in bicycle facilities.Three exclusive bicycle paths in Nanjing, China,were observed with cameras.Then,the field data including vehicle number,velocity characteristics and passing event features were analyzed in detail.Data analysis and fitting reveal that the speed difference has little impact on the passing event number,as does the bicycle ratio.The Gaussian function can better describe the relationship between the passing event number and bicycle volume （density）.The valid use level of bicycle path width influences the inflexion of the passing events-density fitting curve.The conclusions can be applied for estimating the passing events in mixed bicycle flows and for choosing a suitable width of separate bicycle path.

Recent development in aluminium for automotive applications

Aspects of material selection and innovative concepts of car construction using aluminium as best suited light-weight materials were presented, and recent development in established and advanced use of aluminium in passenger cars was discussed that help to meet economic and environmental requirements. 5xxx and 6xxx aluminium alloys were presented that have been improved for the increasing demands regarding higher strength and better formability, resulting in a mass reduction and improved crashworthiness. Furthermore, advances concerning multi-material light weight design were presented by examples for aluminium solutions in advanced “Multi-material” Super-Light-Car （SLC） concepts, which reaches significant mass reductions.

An optimization algorithm for locomotive secondary spring load adjustment based on artificial immune

In order to control the locomotive wheel(axle) load distribution, a shimming process to adjust the locomotive secondary spring loads was heretofore developed. An immune dominance clonal selection multi-objective algorithm based on the artificial immune system was presented to further improve the performance of the optimization algorithm for locomotive secondary spring load adjustment, especially to solve the lack of control on the output shim quantity. The algorithm was designed into a two-level optimization structure according to the preferences of the problem, and the priori knowledge of the problem was used as the immune dominance. Experiments on various types of locomotives show that owing to the novel algorithm, the shim quantity is cut down by 30% 60% and the calculation time is about 90% less while the secondary spring load distribution is controlled on the same level as before. The application of this optimization algorithm can significantly improve the availability and efficiency of the secondary spring adjustment process.