This paper presents a 2GS/s 10bit CMOS digital-to-analog converter （DAC） that consists of two unit current-cell matrixes for 6MSBs and 4LSBs, respectively, trading off between the precision and size of the chip. Cur...This paper presents a 2GS/s 10bit CMOS digital-to-analog converter （DAC） that consists of two unit current-cell matrixes for 6MSBs and 4LSBs, respectively, trading off between the precision and size of the chip. Current mode logic （CML） is used to ensure high speed,and a double centro-symmetric current matrix is designed by the Q^2 random walk strategy in order to ensure the linearity of the DAC. The DAC occupies 2.2mm × 2.2mm of die area and consumes 790mW with a single 3.3V power supply.展开更多
The ATP synthase （having a typical subunit composition of α3β3γeab2c8-15） employs an intriguing rotary mechanism for the generation of ATP from ADP and Pi, using energy stored in a transmembrane proton gradient. ...The ATP synthase （having a typical subunit composition of α3β3γeab2c8-15） employs an intriguing rotary mechanism for the generation of ATP from ADP and Pi, using energy stored in a transmembrane proton gradient. The conventional rotary model, although being generally accepted, remains difficult to explain certain experimental observations. Here we propose an alterna- tive rotary model for the ATP synthase such that what rotates is the catalytic α3β3 cylinder rather than the central stalk and the membrane-embedded c-ring. Specifically, the membrane translocation of protons would induce a cycled conformational change in the c-ring, leading to a reciprocating motion of the attached central stalk, which in turn drives the unidirectional rotation of the α3β3 cylinder. Such a reciprocating motion-driven rotation mechanism is somehow analogous to the working mechanism of a retractable click ballpoint pen. Our new model not only explains the experimental observations that have been difficult to reconcile with the conventional model but also avoids its theoretical illogicality.展开更多
文摘This paper presents a 2GS/s 10bit CMOS digital-to-analog converter （DAC） that consists of two unit current-cell matrixes for 6MSBs and 4LSBs, respectively, trading off between the precision and size of the chip. Current mode logic （CML） is used to ensure high speed,and a double centro-symmetric current matrix is designed by the Q^2 random walk strategy in order to ensure the linearity of the DAC. The DAC occupies 2.2mm × 2.2mm of die area and consumes 790mW with a single 3.3V power supply.
基金supported by research grants from the National Basic Research Program of China(2012CB917300 to Zengyi Chang and Xinmiao Fu)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31470766 and 31170738 to ZYC31270804 and 31570778 to Xinmiao Fu)
文摘The ATP synthase （having a typical subunit composition of α3β3γeab2c8-15） employs an intriguing rotary mechanism for the generation of ATP from ADP and Pi, using energy stored in a transmembrane proton gradient. The conventional rotary model, although being generally accepted, remains difficult to explain certain experimental observations. Here we propose an alterna- tive rotary model for the ATP synthase such that what rotates is the catalytic α3β3 cylinder rather than the central stalk and the membrane-embedded c-ring. Specifically, the membrane translocation of protons would induce a cycled conformational change in the c-ring, leading to a reciprocating motion of the attached central stalk, which in turn drives the unidirectional rotation of the α3β3 cylinder. Such a reciprocating motion-driven rotation mechanism is somehow analogous to the working mechanism of a retractable click ballpoint pen. Our new model not only explains the experimental observations that have been difficult to reconcile with the conventional model but also avoids its theoretical illogicality.
