指称性主语的分类及其句法、语义特点——“自指性”主语与“转指性”主语探析

本文在前人相关研究的基础上,依据形式标准将指称性主语划分为"自指性"主语与"转指性"主语两大类,以此分类为基础重点探讨转指性主语的语义类型及转指范围等问题。同时,尝试引进"谓词隐含"的观念,对转指性主语如何获得相对应的转指意义在句法上作出解释,并利用认知语言学中的"转喻"概念,从认知机制上对转指性VP如何实现指代[相对应的转指意义]的功能作出解释。最后,简要说明由这两类指称性主语语义类型的不同所带来的句法表现上的差异。

《诗经》介词“以”考察——兼谈“以”的虚化

《诗经》中的“以”作介词 ,有其鲜明的语义和结构特征。介词“以”是从动词发展而来的 ,其静态的储存义“用”表现出强烈的工具性。其语义指向的转指性使介词“以”的宾语位置常常前置。“以”的词汇意义的虚化与其语法功能的虚化反映出大体一致的特性 ,当介词“以”表工具的词汇意义弱化 ,其结构上的关联作用成主导时 ,介词“以”便进一步虚化为连词。

Malrotation causing duodenal chronic obstruction in an adult

Congenital duodenal obstruction is rare in adulthood. An unusual presentation of this condition has led to difficult preoperative diagnosis.We present a case of proximal jejunal obstruction by a congenital band in an adult and review the literature.

Heterotopic pancreas in the gastrointestinal tract

Heterotopic pancreas is defined as pancreatic tissue found outside the usual anatomical location of the pancreas. It is often an incidental finding and can be found at different sites in the gastrointestinal tract. It may become clinically evident when complicated by pathological changes such as inflammation, bleeding, obstruction, and malignant transformation. In this report, a 60-year-old man with carcinoid syndrome caused by heterotopic pancreatic tissue in the duodenum is described, along with a 62-year-old man with abdominal pain caused by heterotopic pancreatic tissue in the gastric antrum. The difficulty of making an accurate diagnosis is highlighted. The patients remain healthy and symptom-free after follow-up of 1 year. Frozen sections may help in deciding the extent of resection intraoperatively. Although heterotopic pancreas is rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor.

Melena:A rare complication of duodenal metastases from primary carcinoma of the lung

Small bowel metastases from primary carcinoma of the lung are very uncommon and occur usually in patients with terminal stage disease. These metastases are usually asymptomatic, but may present as perforation, obstruction, malabsorption, or hemorrhage. Hemorrhage as a first presentation of small bowel metastases is extremely rare and is related to very poor patient survival. We describe a case of a 61- year old patient with primary adenocarcinoma of the lung, presenting with melena as the first manifestation of small bowel metastasis. Both primary tumor and metastatic lesions were diagnosed almost simultaneously. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy performed with a colonoscope revealed active bleeding from a metastatic tumor involving the duodenum and the proximal jejunum. Histological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy specimen strongly supported the diagnosis of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma, suggesting that small bowel metastases from primary carcinoma of the lung occur usually in patients with terminal disease and rarely produce symptoms. Gastrointestinal bleeding from metastatic small intestinal lesions should be included in the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal blood loss in a patient with a known bronchogenic tumor.

Current and future therapies for inherited cholestatic liver diseases

Familial intrahepatic cholestasis(FIC) comprises a group of rare cholestatic liver diseases associated with canalicular transport defects resulting predominantly from mutations in ATP8B1, ABCB11 and ABCB4. Phe-notypes range from benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis(BRIC), associated with recurrent cholestatic attacks, to progressive FIC(PFIC). Patients often suffer from severe pruritus and eventually progressive cholestasis results in liver failure. Currently, first-line treatment includes ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with ABCB4 deficiency(PFIC3) and partial biliary diversion in patients with ATP8B1 or ABCB11 deficiency(PFIC1 and PFIC2). When treatment fails, liver transplantation is needed which is associated with complications like rejection, post-transplant hepatic steatosis and recurrence of disease. Therefore, the need for more and better therapies for this group of chronic diseases remains. Here, we discuss new symptomatic treatment options like total biliary diversion, pharmacological diversion of bile acids and hepatocyte transplantation. Furthermore, we focus on emerging mutation-targeted therapeutic strategies, providing an outlook for future personalized treatment for inherited cholestatic liver diseases.

Ultrasonic-assisted plastic flow in a Zr-based metallic glass

Ultrasonic vibration can be used for the micro-molding of metallic glasses(MGs)due to stress-softening and fast surface-diffusion effects.However,the structural rearrangement under ultrasonic vibration and its impact on the mechanical response of metallic glasses remain a puzzle.In this work,the plastic flow of the Zr35Ti30Cu8.25Be26.75 metallic glass with the applied ultrasonic-vibration energy of 140 J was investigated by nanoindentation.Both Kelvin and Maxwell-Voigt models have been adopted to analyze the structural evolution during the creep deformation.The increase of the characteristic relaxation time and the peak intensity of relaxation spectra can be found in the sample after ultrasonic vibration.It effectively improves the activation energy of atomic diffusion during the glass transition(Eg)and the growth of the crystal nucleus(Ep).A more homogenous plastic deformation with a weak loading-rate sensitivity of stress exponent is observed in the ultrasonic-vibrated sample,which coincides with the low pile-up and penetration depth as shown in the cross profile of indents.The structural rearrangement under resonance actuation demonstrated in this work might help us better understand the defect-activation mechanism for the plastic flow of amorphous systems.