Qingdao waters,including both the semi-enclosed Jiaozhou Bay(JB) and the adjacent water out of JB(OJB),have been the areas that are most frequently affected by harmful algal blooms(HABs) in the western Yellow Sea(west...Qingdao waters,including both the semi-enclosed Jiaozhou Bay(JB) and the adjacent water out of JB(OJB),have been the areas that are most frequently affected by harmful algal blooms(HABs) in the western Yellow Sea(west of 124°E).In this research,HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters from 1990 to 2009 were investigated using spatial tools in geographic information system(GIS) and are discussed in terms of their connection to temporal variation.Additionally,the effects of each HAB occurrence were further evaluated using a simple model.The calculated results were then visualized using a GIS software to indicate the effects of HABs in Qingdao waters during the entire period.As a result,the OJB was proven to be responsible for the frequent HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters after 2000,although JB was traditionally believed to be the principle source of HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters.In addition,increasing nitrogen and N/P structure imbalance were essential for increasing HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters throughout the entire period,especially for the recent HAB occurrences in the OJB.The results of this research would improve the current understanding on HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters,which would benefit HAB monitoring and the implementation of a control strategy in China as well.展开更多
Systematic approach to the maintenance of rural road network is a very important issue from the viewpoint of public costs. Most countries developed custom PMS （pavement management systems） based on deterministic or ...Systematic approach to the maintenance of rural road network is a very important issue from the viewpoint of public costs. Most countries developed custom PMS （pavement management systems） based on deterministic or probabilistic approach. The main goal is to ensure safety and continuity of road traffic on road network with low intensity and lower technical requirements. Article presents PMS used for Slovakia rural road network based on road construction diagnostics, traffic volume, climate factors and evaluation of maintenance works economics effectives by using of software tools like HDM-4 developed by World Bank. Local road administrators of rural road networks often lack the software equipment, most PMS, however effective, are often cumbersome, demanding in regard to energy, know-how and software equipment. The majority of local road administrators of rural road networks thus resort to non-effective reactive maintenance strategies. This article describes an easy to use method, based on predetermined maintenance repair and rehabilitation standards. A simple method, based on road user cost, is introduced that administrator can use to prepare a list of road section eligible for repair according to their repair priority.展开更多
Realistic 3D-animation is used in all motion simulation systems of mechanisms and other mechanicals systems. It provides a high-quality illustration of time processes, but it has a weak capability for analysis of thei...Realistic 3D-animation is used in all motion simulation systems of mechanisms and other mechanicals systems. It provides a high-quality illustration of time processes, but it has a weak capability for analysis of their dynamics, for simultaneous display of contact interaction and functioning of mechanisms of different motion types. A spacecraft docking is characterized by a complex contact interaction of docking assemblies with mechanisms and devices of different motion types. Integration and time synchronization of the animation, plots and numerical values greatly facilitates the understanding of dynamics features of these processes. Usage of simple wireframe graphical models allows displaying all contact points. A changing of the set of graphical elements focuses attention on major events of a simulated process. Graphical models developed with consideration of these features and used for spacecraft docking simulation analysis are called dynamic diagrams and described in this paper.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers(No.U1406403)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA11020302)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Young Scholars(No.41506135)the National Nature Science Foundation of China for Creative Group Research(No.41121064)
文摘Qingdao waters,including both the semi-enclosed Jiaozhou Bay(JB) and the adjacent water out of JB(OJB),have been the areas that are most frequently affected by harmful algal blooms(HABs) in the western Yellow Sea(west of 124°E).In this research,HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters from 1990 to 2009 were investigated using spatial tools in geographic information system(GIS) and are discussed in terms of their connection to temporal variation.Additionally,the effects of each HAB occurrence were further evaluated using a simple model.The calculated results were then visualized using a GIS software to indicate the effects of HABs in Qingdao waters during the entire period.As a result,the OJB was proven to be responsible for the frequent HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters after 2000,although JB was traditionally believed to be the principle source of HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters.In addition,increasing nitrogen and N/P structure imbalance were essential for increasing HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters throughout the entire period,especially for the recent HAB occurrences in the OJB.The results of this research would improve the current understanding on HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters,which would benefit HAB monitoring and the implementation of a control strategy in China as well.
文摘Systematic approach to the maintenance of rural road network is a very important issue from the viewpoint of public costs. Most countries developed custom PMS （pavement management systems） based on deterministic or probabilistic approach. The main goal is to ensure safety and continuity of road traffic on road network with low intensity and lower technical requirements. Article presents PMS used for Slovakia rural road network based on road construction diagnostics, traffic volume, climate factors and evaluation of maintenance works economics effectives by using of software tools like HDM-4 developed by World Bank. Local road administrators of rural road networks often lack the software equipment, most PMS, however effective, are often cumbersome, demanding in regard to energy, know-how and software equipment. The majority of local road administrators of rural road networks thus resort to non-effective reactive maintenance strategies. This article describes an easy to use method, based on predetermined maintenance repair and rehabilitation standards. A simple method, based on road user cost, is introduced that administrator can use to prepare a list of road section eligible for repair according to their repair priority.
文摘Realistic 3D-animation is used in all motion simulation systems of mechanisms and other mechanicals systems. It provides a high-quality illustration of time processes, but it has a weak capability for analysis of their dynamics, for simultaneous display of contact interaction and functioning of mechanisms of different motion types. A spacecraft docking is characterized by a complex contact interaction of docking assemblies with mechanisms and devices of different motion types. Integration and time synchronization of the animation, plots and numerical values greatly facilitates the understanding of dynamics features of these processes. Usage of simple wireframe graphical models allows displaying all contact points. A changing of the set of graphical elements focuses attention on major events of a simulated process. Graphical models developed with consideration of these features and used for spacecraft docking simulation analysis are called dynamic diagrams and described in this paper.
