XeF激光与YAG倍频激光对CCD软破坏效应对比实验研究

为了对比研究XeF(C-A)激光和YAG倍频激光对可见光面阵CCD的软破坏效应,分别建立了XeF(C-A)激光和YAG倍频激光对可见光面阵CCD辐照效应实验研究平台和CCD图像同步采集系统,在此基础上开展了上述两种激光对CCD的辐照效应实验,获得了CCD出现局部饱和、全饱和、串音以及全屏饱和时的激光能量密度阈值和CCD图像,并对实验数据进行了总结分析,采用激光能量密度阈值法和饱和面积法对CCD图像进行了分析处理。结果表明,两种激光对SONY SUPER HAD型CCD具有相同的软破坏效应。

煤矿软岩回采巷道破坏机理与支护优化研究

深部软岩巷道常处于“三高一扰动”复杂环境中,其巷道围岩变形一直是支护难题。针对永定庄矿8203工作面顺槽大变形问题,采用理论分析、数值模拟以及现场试验等方法,研究工作面软岩巷道变形破坏机理以及相适应的围岩稳定控制方案;借助FLAC3D数值模拟研究判断锚杆长度、支护密度、反底拱喷层厚度等参数对巷道变形的影响,分析围岩位移、应力变化规律,提出“高预应力锚杆+注浆锚索+反底拱”的联合支护技术方案,并对围岩移近量进行动态监测。结果表明,巷道顶板变形量60 mm,两帮变形量90 mm,底鼓量仅30 mm,试验方案有效维护了巷道的稳定性,工程效果良好。

循环应力作用下饱和软黏土的不固结不排水强度与破坏准则

通过循环三轴与循环扭剪试验,研究了饱和软黏土不固结不排水循环强度的变化。结果表明:当循环破坏次数给定后,饱和软黏土的不固结不排水循环强度取决于土单元受到的静剪(偏)应力,与其受到的围压无关;当作用在土单元上的静剪(偏)应力比从0.3变化至0.6时,饱和软黏土循环强度也逐渐增大。进一步,通过分析循环扭剪试验确定的循环剪切强度与循环三轴试验确定的循环压缩强度之间的关系,阐明了循环应力作用下饱和软黏土不固结不排水强度满足Mises破坏准则。依据本文研究结论,可以通过特定试验建立描述一般应力状态饱和软黏土单元不固结不排水循环强度的变化关系。

路基软弹破坏及其防治措施

本文结合路基施工中出现的软弹破坏现象,分析了路基发生软弹破坏的机理,认为:含水量、压实度、土的凝聚力为形成软弹的必要条件;根治路基软弹必须降低路基的含水量,从路基施工开始。

桥台软基破坏的典型事例——黄镜门桥工程事故的力学分析和加固处理意见

简要叙述了黄镜门桥桥台软基破坏的概况,分析了破坏的成因。对破坏后的桩基进行了力学模拟分析计算,并据其结果,提出了加固处理方案。对今后桥台软基处治也提了几点参考意见。

软岩地基承载力特征值确定方法的探讨

要保障软岩地基上建设工程的质量及安全性,须保证这种地基承载力特征值取值的准确性。以某大型电厂实际工程为例,通过对软岩破坏机理和地基承载力特征值各种计算方法的探讨,得出软岩地基承载力特征值的确定应结合软岩的单轴抗压强度、岩体完整性、波速及基础埋深等情况综合考虑;提出较为准确的计算软岩地基承载力特征值的经验公式;将原位载荷试验所得到的承载力特征值(>1666kPa)作为准则,经验公式所得结果(2120kPa)与其较为贴近,能够较好地反映该工程中软岩的实际承载力,为工程总体设计提供依据。

软岩巷道支护问题探讨

本文通过对软岩及其软岩巷道的特征分析 ,并以此为依据 ,对软岩巷道的合理支护技术进行了探讨 。

发展中的非致命性武器

高科技的发展不断为人类的武装斗各提供新的手段。新概念武器——“非致命性武器”的研制、运用和发展将有可能部分地改变传统的军事行动方式。所谓“非致命性武器”，是指一系列不必消灭对方的人员和装备，通过“软杀伤、软破坏”即可使对方作战能力丧失或减弱的“温和型、人道型”武器。非致命性武器主要包括：使用故方基础设施和装备瘫痪的武器。

跻身信息战行列的炮弹家族

随着时代的变迁技术的发展，炮弹的家庭越来越大，用途越来越广。过去炮弹作为一种硬杀伤火器在战场上功劳卓著，因此与火炮共荣，赢得了“战争之神”的美名。如今，随着信息战时代的到来，炮弹家族也已悄然跻身现代信息战行列之中。从单纯追求对目标的硬杀伤转向对目标的软破坏，从对具体目标的毁伤转向对武器系统及整体作战能力的破坏。可以预见，在未来的信息战中，炮弹家族仍将大显神威。

Numerical simulation study of the failure evolution process and failure mode of surrounding rock in deep soft rock roadways

Based on the safety coefficient method,which assigns rock failure criteria to calculate the rock mass unit,the safety coefficient contour of surrounding rock is plotted to judge the distribution form of the fractured zone in the roadway.This will provide the basis numerical simulation to calculate the surrounding rock fractured zone in a roadway.Using the single factor and multi-factor orthogonal test method,the evolution law of roadway surrounding rock displacements,plastic zone and stress distribution under different conditions is studied.It reveals the roadway surrounding rock burst evolution process,and obtains five kinds of failure modes in deep soft rock roadway.Using the fuzzy mathematics clustering analysis method,the deep soft surrounding rock failure model in Zhujixi mine can be classified and patterns recognized.Compared to the identification results and the results detected by geological radar of surrounding rock loose circle,the reliability of the results of the pattern recognition is verified and lays the foundations for the support design of deep soft rock roadways.

Progressive Modelling of the Gravity-induced Landslide Using the Local Dynamic Strength Reduction Method

The failure of slope is a progressive process, and the whole sliding surface is caused by the gradual softening of soil strength of the potential sliding surface. From this viewpoint, a local dynamic strength reduction method is proposed to capture the progressive failure of slope. This method can calculate the warning deformation of landslide in this study. Only strength parameters of the yielded zone of landslide will be reduced by using the method. Through continuous local reduction of the strength parameters of the yielded zone, the potential sliding surface developed gradually and evolved to breakthrough finally. The result shows that the proposed method can simulate the progressive failure of slope truly. The yielded zone and deformation of landslide obtained by the method are smaller than those of overall strength reduction method. The warning deformation of landslide can be obtained by using the local dynamic strength reduction method which is based on the softening characteristics of the sliding surface.

Mechanical response features and failure process of soft surrounding rock around deeply buried three-centered arch tunnel

Due to the extreme complexity of mechanical response of soft surrounding rock(SR) around a tunnel under high geostatic stress conditions, the integration of physical and numerical modeling techniques was adopted. Based on the similarity theory, new composite-similar material was developed, which showed good agreement with the similarity relation and successfully simulated physico-mechanical properties(PMP) of deep buried soft rock. And the 800 mm×800 mm×200 mm physical model(PM) was conducted, in which the endoscopic camera technique was adopted to track the entire process of failure of the model all the time. The experimental results indicate that the deformation of SR around a underground cavern possessed the characteristics of development by stages and in delay, and the initial damage of SR could induce rapid failure in the later stage, and the whole process could be divided into three stages, including the localized extension of crack(the horizontal load(HL) was in the range of 130 k N to 170 k N, the vertical load(VL) was in the range of 119 k N to 153.8 k N), rapid crack coalescence(the HL was in the range of 170 k N to 210 k N, the VL was in the range of 153.8 k N to 182.5 k N) and residual strength(the HL was greater than 210 k N, the VL was greater than 182.5 k N). Under the high stress conditions, the phenomenon of deformation localization in the SR became serious and different space positions show different deformation characteristics. In order to further explore the deformation localization and progressive failure phenomenon of soft SR around the deeply buried tunnel, applying the analysis software of FLAC3 D three-dimensional explicit finite-difference method, based on the composite strain-softening model of Mohr-Coulomb shear failure and tensile failure, the calculation method of large deformation was adopted. Then, the comparative analysis between the PM experiment and numerical simulation of the three centered arch tunnels was implemented and the relationship of deformation localization and progressive failure of SR around a tunnel under high stress conditions was discussed.

Deformation failure and countermeasures of deep tertiary extremely soft rock roadway in Liuhai coal mine

In view of failure phenomena with nonlinear large deformation including extensive damage,whole section destruction in short time,high rate of repair,most destruction forms occurred in the tertiary roadway of soft rocks engineering in Liuhai mine,according to the methods of geological survey,theoretical analysis,numerical calculation and in-situ test,the composite failure mechanism of molecular expansion,tectonic stress,gravity stress and engineering deviatoric stress,faults and random joint in this area is analyzed deeply,then an coupling support of double-layer-truss is proposed.The research results show that the first wave of deformation energy was released by bolt-mesh-cable fixed into the roof,floor and two sides of the roadway.While the second wave of deformation energy was released through the interface function between double-layer-truss and the surrounding rock.The double-layer-truss that characterized by high strength,good integrity can absorb high deformation energy of surrounding rocks,which led to the uniform distribution of the stress.Engineering practice shows this technology has been successfully applied to control the deformation failure of the tertiary extremely soft rock roadway.

Dynamic failure mode and energy-based identification method for a counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers

The dynamic failure mode and energybased identification method for a counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers are discussed in this paper using large scale shaking table test and the Hilbert-Huang Transform(HHT) marginal spectrum.The results show that variations in the peak values of marginal spectra can clearly indicate the process of dynamic damage development inside the model slope.The identification results of marginal spectra closely coincide with the monitoring results of slope face displacement in the test.When subjected to the earthquake excitation with 0.1 g and 0.2 g amplitudes,no seismic damage is observed in the model slope,while the peak values of marginal spectra increase linearly with increasing slope height.In the case of 0.3 g seismic excitation,dynamic damage occurs near the slope crest and some rock blocks fall off the slope crest.When the seismic excitation reaches 0.4 g,the dynamic damage inside the model slope extends to the part with relative height of 0.295-0.6,and minor horizontal cracks occur in the middle part of the model slope.When the seismic excitation reaches 0.6 g,the damage further extends to the slope toe,and the damage inside the model slope extends to the part with relative height below 0.295,and the upper part(near the relative height of 0.8) slides outwards.Longitudinal fissures appear in the slope face,which connect with horizontal cracks,the weak intercalated layers at middle slope height are extruded out and the slope crest breaks up.The marginal spectrum identification results demonstrate that the dynamic damage near the slope face is minor as compared with that inside the model slope.The dynamic failure mode of counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers is extrusion and sliding at the middle rock strata.The research results of this paper are meaningful for the further understanding of the dynamic failure mode of counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers.

Nonlinear creep damage model for soft rock under uniaxial compression

A nonlinear creep-damage model for soft rock under uniaxial compression waspresented,which takes into account both nonlinear creep and damage growth with time.The model is based on the hardening theory,The model is validated through comparisonwith experimental results.

Failure mechanism and control technology of water-immersed roadway in high-stress and soft rock in a deep mine

Aiming at soft rock ground support issues under conditions of high stress and long-term water immersion, the ground failure mechanism is revealed by taking the deep-water sumps of Jiulong Mine as the engineering background and employing field investigation, tests of rock structure, mechanical properties and mineral composition. The main factors leading to the surrounding rock failure include the high and complex stress state of the water sumps, high-clay content and water-weakened rock, and the unreasonable support design. In this paper, the broken and fractured rock mass near roadway opening is considered as ground small-structure, and deep stable rock mass as ground large-structure. A support technology focusing on cutting off the water, strengthening the small structure of the rock and transferring the large structure of the rock is proposed. The proposed support technology of interconnecting the large and small structures, based on high-strength bolts, high-stiffness shotcrete layer plugging water,strengthening the small structure with deep-hole grouting and shallow-hole grouting, highpretensioned cables tensioned twice to make the large and small structures bearing the pressure evenly,channel-steel and high-pretensioned cables are used to control floor heave. The numerical simulation and field test show that this support system can control the rock deformation of the water sumps and provide technical support to similar roadway support designs.

Three-dimensional Building Damage Simulation Based on GIS

GIS technology has been applied to building damage analysis around the world. However, most previous studies focused on the application of 2-D GIS technology, and the results from traditional earthquake damage prediction are displayed in 2-D figures and charts, which is incapable of demonstrating the 3-D spatial characteristics of buildings. Taking brick-concrete building as an example, we study the characteristics of building damage, and effectively combine the information of building textures and earthquake damage. Then, we apply Google SketchUp techniques to create building models and display them with seismic damage texture in the ArcGIS Engine software development environment. In this paper we propose a solid idea for 3-D simulation of earthquake damage, which is helpful in earthquake damage prediction, virtual emergency rescue practice and earthquake knowledge education.

Experimental study on simulation test instrument and its penetration performance of soil infiltration clogging

The three-dimensional seepage simulation test device for siltation dam foundation soil is a multifunctional penetration instrument which is designed for the simulation of infiltration clogging,seepage damage,and dam seepage and so on. This device is different from the traditional instruments for the rock and soil permeability. In order to verify the practicability of the device,the authors collected the soil samples for laboratory penetration test,observed the seepage damage phenomenon,and obtained the dynamic change curve of permeability coefficient and isopotential map of water pressure. At the same time,the Geostudio finite element software is used to simulate the steady seepage of the test device. By contrast of the isopotential maps between simulation and actual water pressures,it is found that they are approximately the same. It is proved that the test data of the device is scientific and reliable,reaching the results of the test and design purposes. The instrument can be used in many aspects of experimental study on soil seepage.

Influence of depth-thickness ratio of mining on the stability of a bedding slope with its sliding surface in concave deformation

In order to study the influence of depth-thickness ratio on bedding slope stability, whose sliding surface is flexural concave in shape under mining conditions, this paper aims to study the characteristics ofdeformarion and damage of bedding sliding with depth-thickness ratios of 200：1,150：1,120：1,100：1 and 50：1 by adopting numerical simulation analysis software combined with laboratory-made ＂under the influence of mining variable sliding surface slope similar simulation test bed＂, and to propose identification methods for slope stability under the infuence of mining. The results show that mining activities under the slope reduce slope stability. With a decrease in the mining depth ratio, the influence of mining on the slope increases gradually, and the damage to the slope gradually expands, the stability of the slope grad- ually reduces, fracture occurs on the slope toe and the central fissure gradually develops to the surface, and reaches slide threshold when the depth-thickness ratio is 50：1.

Unified analytical solutions for a circular opening based on non-linear unified failure criterion

Unified analytical solutions are presented for the predictions of the stresses and displacements around a circular opening based on nonqinear unified failure criterion and the elastic-brittle-plastic softening model. Unified analytical solutions not only involve generally traditional solutions which are based on the Hock-Brown （H-B） failure criterion or the non-linear twin-shear failure criterion, but also involve other new results. The results of the radius of plastic zone, radial displacements and stresses are obviously different using three rock masses when different values of the unified failure criterion parameter or different material behavior models are used. For a given condition, the radius of plastic zone and radial displacements are reduced by increasing the unified failure criterion parameter. The latent potentialities of rock mass result from considering the effect of intermediate principal stress. It is shown that proper choices of the failure criterion and the material behavior model for rock mass are significant in the tunnel design.