立足于“词”的华语语法研究——以程度副词“比较”和“更加”为例

在立足于“词”的华语语法研究观念下,考察、分析和描写两个常用程度副词“比较”和“更加”与普通话的同中之异;然后,围绕对“大同小异”的理解和解读,探讨对华语语法的认识。华语语法研究应以“词”为枢纽,华语语法与普通话的对应及不对应情况错综复杂,大多属于隐性差异。因此,对它在各个方面具体表现的发掘,应当成为华语语法研究的重要内容之一。

清末民初八闽数学家陈平瑛“积较开方新术”研究

陈平瑛是清末民初福建数学家。根据新史料考证,他应生于1879年,曾先后任广州中学堂和广东高等师范学堂数学教师。文章的研究表明,陈氏明确将朱世杰招差术推广到任意高阶等差数列求和,并得到多项式的“零边积较”,相当于牛顿向前插值公式的系数。由此他构造了互逆的积较表和积较还原表,给出多项式幂和形式与差分形式互化的表格算法,并设计了各自的简捷的程序。“积较开方新术”是通过多项式方程的差分表求解方程整根的方法,是受华蘅芳积较术的启发而得到的,颇有新意,体现了传统数学在西方代数学影响下的继续发展以及传统数学近代化的复杂性。

海峡两岸通用词“比较”的共时差异及成因

当代海峡两岸通用词“比较”的用法大体相同,但也表现出不少差异性。都能做一般动词以及构成动词性比较句,但各有一些独特的搭配和结构形式;“比较”的介词用法仅存于台湾地区书面语,大陆则无此用法;“比较”做副词修饰形容词、动词以及否定结构等在海峡两岸体现出明显的倾向性差异。两岸通用词“比较”的共时差异是民国时期汉语在不同言语社区分化和变异的结果,台湾地区“比较”的用法更多地沿袭了半文半白的民国时期汉语的特点,并受到汉语南方方言尤其是闽南方言的影响。

蔡元培与威廉·洪堡教育思想之比较研究

对蔡元培和洪堡两位教育家的教育思想和实践做了一个粗略的比较，比较的重点是他们的教育独立观，他们对完全人格教育的看法以及他们的大学改革实践。

对于单管垂直式热水采暖系统中上供下回和下供上回连接方式的分析、比较

在室内供暖设计中,如何选择系统的供热形式,这对建筑物的综合经济指标,供热系统本身的运行及使用效果等有着极其重要的影响。

海峡两岸民族共同语句式发展的融合——以“较”字差比句为例

“较”字句是海峡两岸民族共同语的共有句式,从共时角度看其基本结构类型和特征大体相同,主要有“X较Y+为+A”“X较Y+(状语)A(补语)”和“X较Y+(状语)V(补语/宾语)”三种形式,具有文言或书面语色彩浓厚的特征;但是从历时角度看,这种句式在两种不同语境中由差异大于共性逐渐发展为共性大于差异:使用数量上,由台湾地区汉语较多发展为基本持平再到普通话略多;内部结构上,台湾地区汉语中的主要形式“X较Y+为+A”逐渐减少,而普通话的优势形式“X较Y+V+数量补语”也成为台湾地区汉语中的主要形式。海峡两岸民族共同语句式之间的融合是语言接触的结果,但又不同于一般的一方向另一方靠拢的接触,更多表现为互相靠拢,双向互动:句式之间互通有无,句式内部趋同发展。交流互动和语用需求是促使两岸民族共同语句式融合的关键因素。

【评论】局部晚期直肠癌术前放化疗后机器人与腹腔镜腹会阴联合切除术的疗效比较

目的机器人手术与腹腔镜手术在直肠癌治疗中的对比研究已被广泛报道,然而,关于机器人腹会阴联合切除术的报道仍较少。本研究的目的是比较机器人手术和腹腔镜手术在局部晚期直肠癌患者在术前放化疗后进行腹会阴联合切除术的效果,以确定该术式在局部晚期直肠癌患者治疗中的有效性。方法回顾性研究2012年12月至2022年9月在东京大学医院就诊的采用机器人或腹腔镜腹会阴联合切除术的43例术前接受术前放化疗的局部晚期直肠癌患者,根据手术方式的不同分为机器人组(n=22)和腹腔镜组(n=21),评估两组的临床病理因素、手术情况及短期和长期结局。结果机器人组和腹腔镜组中位随访时间分别为36个月和48个月,两组在手术时间、术中出血量、总体并发症发生率方面比较差异无统计学意义。腹腔镜组器官/腔隙手术部位感染发生率高于机器人组(38.1%vs.9.1%,P=0.034),机器人组3年总生存率高于腹腔镜组(95%vs.67%,P=0.029),但3年无复发生存率和3年局部复发率两组间比较差异无统计学意义。机器人组术后第4天引流量>500 mL的患者比例少于腹腔镜组(0%vs.20.0%,P=0.043),术后引流时间比较差异无统计学意义。结论机器人腹会阴联合切除术导致的器官/腔隙手术部位感染发生率较腹腔镜手术低,机器人手术可能是接受新辅助放化疗后局部晚期直肠癌患者进行腹会阴联合切除术的有效方法。

肝癌TACE术后复发危险因素的Meta分析

目的 系统评价肝癌经动脉化疗栓塞术(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, TACE)后影响复发的危险因素,为预防TACE术后复发提供科学依据。方法 检索PubMed、EmBase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国知网、万方数据库、维普、中国生物医学文献数据库自建库至2023年2月1日发表的有关肝癌TACE术后复发危险因素的文献报道。由2名研究者根据纳入和排除标准进行文献筛选、数据提取和质量评价。使用软件Rev Man 5.3对纳入文献进行Meta分析和发表偏倚评估。结果 通过筛选最终共纳入9篇高质量队列研究进行Meta分析。分析结果显示差异有统计学意义的危险因素包括甲胎蛋白(OR=3.05,95%CI:1.11~8.38,P=0.03)、白蛋白(OR=5.79,95%CI:2.46~13.62,P<0.0001)、肿瘤分化程度(OR=2.64,95%CI:1.00~6.92,P=0.05)、肿瘤数量(OR=3.76,95%CI:1.71~8.27,P=0.001)、肿瘤ADC值(OR=0.01,95%CI:0.00~0.09,P<0.0001)。结论 肿瘤直径、甲胎蛋白、白蛋白、肿瘤分化程度、肿瘤数量和肿瘤ADC值是TACE术后复发的危险因素。

Homo-urbanicus and Human-centered Planning

Homo-urbanicus is a planning concept which treats a human being as a rational animal with distinct material,social and intellectual characteristics,and a human settlement as a space in which human beings seek and offer opportunities for connection.Human-centered planning is the application of classical Natural Law(balance between self-preservation and mutual preservation)to the matching of human needs and human settlements.

Preparation of semisolid A356 alloy slurry with larger capacity cast by serpentine channel

The integral microstructure of semisolid A356 alloy slurry with larger capacity cast by serpentine channel was studied and the influence of cooling ability of serpentine channel on the microstructure was investigated. The results indicate that ideal slurry with larger capacity can be prepared through serpentine channel with good cooling ability. When the serpentine channel was continuously cooled, both the longitudinal and the radial microstructure of the slurry was composed of granular primary phase and the integral microstructure uniformity of the slurry was good. However, uncooled serpentine channel can only produce larger slurry with fine grains in positions adjacent to its centre and with a large number of dendrites in positions close to its edge, thus, the radial microstructure of larger slurry is nonuniform. The pouring temperature is set up to 680 °C and the solid shell inside the channel can be avoided at this pouring temperature.

Karyotypic evolution in family Hipposideridae (Chiroptera, Mammalia) revealed by comparative chromosome painting, G- and C-banding

Comparing to its sister-family （Rhinolophidae）, Hipposideridae was less studied by cytogenetic approaches. Only a few high-resolution G-banded karyotypes have been reported so far, and most of the conclusions on the karyotypic evolution in Hipposideridae were based on conventional Giemsa-staining. In this study, we applied comparative chromosome painting, a method of choice for genome-wide comparison at the molecular level, and G- and C-banding to establish comparative map between five hipposiderid species from China, using a whole set of chromosome-specific painting probes from one of them （Aselliscus stoliczkanus）. G-band and C-band comparisons between homologous segments defined by chromosome painting revealed that Robertsonian translocations, paracentric inversions and heterochromatin addition could be the main mechanism of chromosome evolution in Hipposideridae. Comparative analysis of the conserved chromosomal segments among five hipposiderid species and outgroup species suggests that bi-armed chromosomes should be included into the ancestral karyotype of Hipposideridae, which was previously believed to be exclusively composed of acrocentric chromosomes.

Control Effect of Sublimed Sulfur Paired with Acaricide on Bee Mites

[Objective] This study aimed to compare the effects of sublimed sulfur and acaricide on controlling bee mites.[Method] Three independent experiments were carried out in the same apiary during 2007-2009.[Results] The results showed that this method is effective in eliminating mites settled on combs or hidden during pupae phase,but not in controlling the mites parasitized on adult bees.The control effect on killing Varroa destructor after treated appeared optimal in the first day and then decreased,and that on killing Tvopilaelaps clareae happened in the second day.The results indicated that the effect would be much better if the bees can be treated 1 time to 2 times again in the following 2-5 days after the first treatment.Back to data pool,we found that the treatment of sublimed sulfur paired with acaricide is effective in controlling V.destructor and T.clareae.[Conclusion] This technique could facilitate the apicultural production in the regions suffered from V.destructor and T.clareae.

A CMOS Dynamic Comparator for Pipelined ADCs with Improved Speed/Power Ratio

This paper presents a fully-differential CMOS dynamic comparator for use in high-speed pipelined ADCs with low stage resolution. Because the architecture is based on the coupled current sources and differential input pairs, this comparator＇s threshold voltage can be adjusted to a desired level. Compared with traditional comparators, this one shows significant improvement in area,power,and speed. Fabricated in 0.35μm CMOS technology,it occupies only 30μm × 70μm. Simulation and measurement results indicate the comparator has a sampling frequency up to 1GHz with 2Vpp differential input signal range and only 181μW power consumption under a 3.3V supply. The speed/power ratio reaches up to 5524GS/J.

Comparison of the City Water Consumption Short-Term Forecasting Methods

There are a lot of methods in city water consumption short-term forecasting both inside and outside the country. But among these methods there exist many advantages and shortcomings in model establishing, solving and predicting accuracy, speed, applicability. This article draws lessons from other realm mature methods after many years′ study. It′s systematically studied and compared to predict the water consumption in accuracy, speed, effect and applicability among the time series triangle function method, artificial neural network method, gray system theories method, wavelet analytical method.

Comparison of the time-domain electromagnetic field from an infinitesimal point charge and dipole source

An electromagnetic field is generated through the accelerating movement of two equal but opposite charges of a single dipole. An electromagnetic field can also be generated by a time-varying infinitesimal point charge. In this study, a comparison between the electromagnetic fields of an infinitesimal point charge and a dipole has been presented. First, the time-domain potential function of a point source in a 3D conductive medium is derived. Then the electric and magnetic fields in a 3D homogeneous lossless space are derived via the relation between the potential and field. The field differences between the infinitesimal point charge and the dipole in the step-off time, far-source, and near-source zones are analyzed, and the accuracy of the solutions from these sources is investigated. It is also shown that the field of the infinitesimal point charge in the near-source zone is different from that of the dipole, whereas the far-source zone fields of these two sources are identical. The comparison of real and simulated data shows that the infinitesimal point charge represents the real source better than the divole source.

Comparisons of Nectar Quantity and Sugar Concentration of Pomegranate Blossom in a Day

[Objective] The aim was to research the rules of nectar quantity and sugar concentration of perfect and staminate flowers in a day. [Method] Based on nine Tianguang Yan pomegranate trees, nectar quantity and sugar concentration of per- fect and staminate flowers were measured and analyzed in morning and afternoon. [Result] Average nectar quantity and sugar concentration differed insignificantly in morning and afternoon of perfect flowers, which could also be applied to staminate flowers. However, average nectar quantity of perfect flower was 64.09 μI and of staminate flower was 44.07 μl. It is obvious that the two were of extremely signifi- cant differences （t=4.642, P〈0.01）, and the former was significantly higher by 45,43%. On the other hand, average sugar concentration of perfect flower was 48.44% and of staminate flower was 37.16%. The two were of extremely significant differences and the former is higher by 30.36%, compared with the latter. These suggested that nectar quantity and sugar concentration would maintain unchanged in different periods for a day, if nectars are not consumed by pollinators, such as bees and butterflies. In the same period, nectar quantity and sugar concentration of per- fect flowers were higher than those of staminate flowers. [Conclusion] The research provides references for benefits increase of bee farmers and fruit farmers, as well as exploration of bee pollination.

Provincial Comparative Advantages of Watermelon Production in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

[Objective]This study aimed to clarify the spatial patterns of comparative advantage of watermelon production in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, to pro-vide theoretical basis for the development of watermelon industry in China. [Method] Based on the agricultural statistics data of Guangxi and al over China, yield com-parative advantage （YCA） index, efficiency comparative advantage （ECA） index, scale comparative advantage （SCA） index, concentration ratio comparative advantage （CRCA） index, comprehensive comparative advantage （CCA） index, ratio of yield per unit area （RYPA） index and sowing area ratio （SAR） index were established and calculated to determine the watermelon production comparative advantages in 31 provinces （cities） in China. Spacial patterns of the comparative advantages were produced by using GIS software. [Result] Nine provinces Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Hebei, Hubei, Jiangsu, Hunan, Zhejiang and Guangxi were the dominant regions in watermelon production al over the country. The Central and Eastern China showed the integrated comparative advantage in watermelon production, while the Southern, Northeastern, Northern and Northwestern China can be considered as the potential places for watermelon production in future. Southwest China gave more priority to watermelon production, so the comparative advantages kept increasing here. [Con-clusion] Based on this study, watermelon production should be a prior consideration among the agricultural products in Guangxi. Related measures should be developed to optimize the regional distribution of watermelon in Guangxi and China to promote healthy competition in watermelon production.

Spatial Characteristic Analysis of the Comparative Advantage of Watermelon and Melon Production in Hainan Province

[Objective] This study investigated the spatial characteristics of counties （cities） with comparative advantages in watermelon and melon production to provide reference bases in formulating strategies for the development of watermelon and melon industries in Hainan Province. [Method] By using the sowing area, total yield, and yield per unit area of watermelon and melon in Hainan Province as research u- nits, the yield comparative advantage （YCA）, efficiency comparative advantage （E- CA）, scale comparative advantage （SCA）, concentration ratio comparative advantage （CRCA）, comprehensive comparative advantage （CCA）, ratio of yield per unit area （RYPA）, sowing area ratio （SAR）, and distribution characteristics of watermelon and melon were systematically analyzed. By referring to the agricultural statistic data of 18 counties （cities） in Hainan Province, indexes for each research unit （i.e., the YCA index, ECA index, SCA index, CRCA index, CCA index, RYPA index, and SAR index） were established and calculated to determine the comparative advantage of watermelon and melon production in Hainan Province. A spatial expression of the research result on a map was conducted by using GIS software. [Result] Seven counties （cities） exhibited comparative advantages in watermelon production, namely, Lingshui, Wanning, Wenchang, Dongfang, Sanya, Ledong, and Changjiang. The Eastern and Southern Hainan Provinces had CCAs, and the Western and Northern Hainan Provinces could be reserved for future development. For melon production, four counties （cities） exhibited comparative advantages, namely, Ledong, Lingshui, Sanya, and Dongfang. The Southern Hainan Province had CCA, whereas the West- ern Hainan Province could be reserved for later development. [Conclusion] The result has showed that establishing watermelon and melon as dominant agricultural prod- ucts is necessary for the future development of the industry and for the formulation of a layout of regions with advantages, where key support and construction should be provided preferentially with the aim to raise the yield, quality, and market com- petitiveness of products.

Comparative Advantage of Maize Production in Jilin Province

The comparative advantage of maize production in Jilin Province was analyzed based on the sow area index,unit yield index,benefit index and comprehensive comparative advantage index in this study.The results showed that compared with other provinces in China,there was obvious comparative advantage in sow area index and unit yield index of maize in Jilin,the average of which stood for the first and the fourth in China from 2002 to 2006;there was no comparative advantage of benefit index compared with the average value of the whole countries,the average of which stood for the 14th in China from 2002 to 2006;the comprehensive comparative advantage in Jilin provincial maize production showed significant comparative advantage,the average of which stood for the fourth in China from 2002 to 2006.On the basis of the above,the suggestions to develop maize production in Jilin province had been put forward.

Comparative Analysis on Fruit Qualities of Longan Varieties form Vietnam

[Objective] The aim was to screen longan varieties suitable for local production in Vietnam.[Method] The fruit botanical characteristics and quality characteristics of longan varieties introduced into Northern Mountainous Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute of Vietnam Academy of Agriculture Sciences were compared and analyzed.[Result] Two varieties with good general qualities including PMP6 and PHS1-1 which were suitable to be cultivated in the local area were selected.In addition,Phu Dong was the available processed germplasm resource.[Conclusion] This research will provide reference for longan production and breeding in Northern Mountainous.