The Influence of Drying Temperature and Extraction Methods on a-Mangostin in Mangosteen Pericarp

The effects of drying temperature and extraction methods on α-mangostin content in mangosteen pericarp （Garcinia mangostana L.） powder were investigated. In the first part of experiment suitable drying temperature for retention α-mangostin content was determined. Three levels of drying temperatures （55, 65 and 75 ℃） were used in this study. The drying rates were increased with drying temperature. Room temperature extraction method was performed to investigate the effect of drying temperature on retention α-mangostin content in mangosteen pericarp. The α-mangostin content extracted at three different drying temperatures （55, 65 and 75 ℃） was 35.98 ± 0.49%, 40.32 ± 0.24%, and 37.79±0.34% w/w, respectively. The results showed that the suitable temperature for drying mangosteen pericarp was 65 ℃ that gave the highest of α-mangostin content. The second part of experiment was the comparison between extraction methods, such as shaking water bath extraction （SWE）, soxhlet extraction （SE） and microwave-assisted extraction （MAE）. The results show that MAE gave the highest extraction rate and α-mangostin content as compare to SWE and SE. The α-mangostin content extraction from SWE, SE and MAE are 45.83 ± 0.02, 34.82± 0.17 and 49.79 ± 0.15% w/w of crude extract, respectively.

Comparison of Different Extraction Approaches for Heavy Metal Partitioning in Sediment Samples

Three extraction methods, ultrasonic assisted extraction (USE), microwave assisted extraction (MSE), and conventional single extraction (CSE), in conjunction with the modified three-stage BCR sequential extraction procedure (SEP) were applied to examine the contents of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn from lake sediment samples, to know whether these techniques can reduce extraction time and improve reproducibility. The SEP and developed alternative single extrac- tion methods were validated by the analysis of certified reference material BCR 601. By the use of optimized sonication and microwave conditions, steps 1, 2 and 3 of the BCR sequential extraction methods (excluding the hydrogen peroxide digestion in step 3, which was not performed with sonication and microwave) could be completed in 15-30 min and 60- 150 s, respectively. The recoveries of total extractable metal contents in BCR 601, obtained by three single extractions ranged from 93.3%-102%, 88.9%-104% and 81.2%-96.2% for CSE, USE and MSE, respectively. The precision of the single extraction methods was found in the range of 3.7%-9.4% for all metals (n = 6).

A multi-dimensional tabu search algorithm for the optimization of process planning

Computer-aided process planning （CAPP） is an essential component of computer integrated manufacturing （CIM） system. A good process plan can be obtained by optimizing two elements, namely, operation sequence and the machining parameters of machine, tool and tool access direction （TAD） for each operation. This paper proposes a novel optimization strategy for process planning that considers different dimensions of the problem in parallel. A multi-dimensional tabu search （MDTS） algo-rithm based on this strategy is developed to optimize the four dimensions of a process plan, namely, operation sequence （OperSeq）, machine sequence （MacSeq）, tool sequence （TooISeq） and tool approach direction sequence （TADSeq）, sequentially and iteratively. In order to improve its efficiency and stability, tabu search, which is incorporated into the proposed MDTS al- gorithm, is used to optimize each component of a process plan, and some neighbourhood strategies for different components are presented for this tabu search algorithm. The proposed MDTS algorithm is employed to test four parts with different numbers of operations taken from the literature and compared with the existing algorithms like genetic algorithm （GA）, simulated annealing （SA）, tabu search （TS） and particle swarm optimization （PSO）. Experimental results show that the developed algo-rithm outperforms these algorithms in terms of solution quality and efficiency.

Comparison of microwave-assisted extraction of aloe-emodin in aloe with Soxhlet extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction

This paper reports the extraction of aloe-emodin from aloe by microwave-assisted extraction. The effects of various factors, including the solvent, the ratio （mL/g） of the solvent to the sample, microwave irradiation time and microwave power, were discussed in the experiments. The yield of aloe-emodin was determined by HPLC. The optimized conditions for micro- wave-assisted extraction of aloe-emodin were concluded as follows： the solvent is 80% ethanol （V/V） solution, microwave ir- radiation time is 3 rain and microwave power is 340 W. Additionally, HPLC fingerprint was developed for consistency evalua- tion of aloe. The similarities of 3 aloe samples obtained by microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction and Soxhlet extraction were more than 0.9, indicating that 3 aloe samples were consistent. Compared with Soxhlet extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave extraction is a rapid method with higher yield and less solvent consumption. Aloe samples treated by microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction and Soxhlet extraction were observed using transmission electronic microscopy. The micrographs provide evidence of more breakage of chloroplasts treated by micro- wave-assisted extraction as compared to Soxhlet extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction.

浙江省人民政府统计局关于目前统计工作的简要报告(一九五三年七月十四日)

一、基本情况统计局建立三个多月以来,我们的任务主要是向领导机关提供决定政策、制订计划所必需的资料,并通过统计资料来检查计划完成的情况.为了完成上述任务,我们在省府和财委的领导帮助下,霍副主席、朱主任的指导下,曾于三月中旬召开了全省统计工作会议,传达了全国统计工作会议决议;贯彻了统计工作集中统一和学习苏联、结合实际的方针;并督促各县建立统计机构,至今已有八十八个县、市,两个专署(温州、定海)建立了统计科,共配备了统计干部三百七十四人;自四月份起我们除在内部按时完成上报任务。