微波辐射热解膨胀法制备三维多孔石墨烯及其电容性能研究

采用微波辐射热解膨胀法制备了三维多孔石墨烯.利用FE-SEM,TEM和低温氮气吸脱附测试表征所制备的三维多孔石墨烯的形貌和孔结构,将所制备的三维多孔石墨烯组装模拟超级电容器,并利用循环伏安、恒流充放电和交流阻抗等电化学测试方法研究其电化学性能.结果表明:所制备的石墨烯具有蠕虫状三维多孔的形貌,其纳米片呈半透明的薄纱状,具有明显的石墨烯片层的褶皱;三维多孔石墨烯的比表面积达158.7 m2·g^(-1),平均孔径为11.2 nm;三维多孔石墨烯具有优异的电化学电容性能,当电流密度为1.25 A·g^(-1)时,比电容为161 F·g^(-1),电流密度增加到25.00 A·g^(-1)时,比电容为91 F·g^(-1),在1.25 A·g^(-1)电流密度下循环充放电5000次后,容量保持率为90%,循环稳定性较好.

含油污泥辐射热解传热模拟及能量分析

油泥辐射热解过程复杂,热解炉内温度场和传热特性不明等,通过Fluent软件,选用双欧拉模型、DO辐射模型及多组分模型研究了热解炉内的温度分布及不同因素下物料的升温特性。结果表明,炉内油泥的温度分布以L/D=10为分界点将其分为了升温和恒温2个阶段,且600℃为最佳热解终温。同时,较高的含水率会延长油泥热解时间,而降低螺旋转速可减少最终油泥的剩余量。另外,在辐射管上方加装遮热板可改善炉膛温度分布的均匀性。最后,对整个热解系统进行能量平衡分析发现,热解产物总回收能量为6592.25 kJ,能量回收率最高可达82%,其中热解气能量占该系统总输入能量的65.78%~90.11%,可极大减少系统所需的外部能量补给。

Product Identification and Mass Spectrometric Analysis of n-Butane and i-Butane Pyrolysis at Low Pressure

The pyrolysis of n-butane and i-butane at low pressure was investigated from 823-1823 K in an electrically heated flow reactor using synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry. More than 20 species, especially several radicals and isomers, were detected and identified from the measurements of photoionization efficiency （PIE） spectra. Based on the mass spectrometric analysis, the characteristics of n-butane and i-butane pyrolysis were discussed, which provided experimental evidences for the discussion of decomposition pathways of butane isomers. It is concluded that the isomeric structures of n-butane and i-butane have strong influence on their main decomposition pathways, and lead to dramatic differences in their mass spectra and PIE spectra such as the different dominant products and isomeric structures of butene products. Furthermore, compared with n-butane,i-butane can produce strong signals of benzene at low temperature in its pyrolysis due to the enhanced formation of benzene precursors like propargyl and C4 species, which provides experimental clues to explain the higher sooting tendencies of iso-alkanes than n-alkanes.

The Temperature Variation of a Solar Cell in Relation to Its Performance

The temperature of a solar cell subjected to the incident global solar radiation as a function of the local day time is determined. A heat balance equation is solved considering the heat losses due to convection and thermal radiation. The cell efficiency is estimated as a measure of its performance. The results reveal that the temperature within the cell attains significant values. Nevertheless, the temperature dependence of its efficiency along the day time is not pronouncing. It slightly decreases with temperature.

Analytical investigation of temperature of a single micron sized iron particle during combustion

The present study deals with analytical investigation of temperature of a single burning iron particle.Three mathematical methods including AGM(Akbari-Ganji’s method),CM(Collocation method)and GM(Galerkin Method)are applied to solving non-linear differential governing equation and effectiveness of these methods is examined as well.For further investigation,forth order Runge-Kutta approach,a numerical method,is used to validate the obtained analytical results.In the present study,the developed mathematical model takes into account the effects of thermal radiation,convective heat transfer and particle density variations during combustion process.Due to particles’small size and high thermal conductivity,the system is assumed to be lumped in which the particle temperature does not change within the body and all of its regions are at the same temperature.The temperature distributions obtained by analytical methods have satisfactory agreement with numerical outputs.Finally,the results indicate that AGM is a more appropriate method than GM and CM due to its lower mean relative error and less run time.

A decoupled procedure for convection-radiation simulation in scramjets

Following an order analysis of key parameters, a decoupled procedure for simulation of convection-radiation heat transfer problems in supersonic combustion ramjet(scramjet) engine was developed. The radiation module of the procedure consisted of Perry 5GG weighted sum gray gases model for spectral property calculation and discrete ordinates method S4 scheme for radiative transfer computation, while the flow field was computed using the Favrè average conservative Navier-Stokes(N-S) equations, in conjunction with Menter's k-ω SST two-equation model. A series of 2D supersonic nonreactive turbulent channel flows of radiative participants with selective parameters were simulated for validation purpose. Radiative characteristics in DLR hydrogen fueled and NASA SCHOLAR ethylene fueled scramjets were numerically studied using the developed procedure. The results indicated that the variations of spatial distributions of the radiative source and total absorption coefficient are highly consistent with those of the temperature and radiative participants, while the spatial distribution of the incident radiation spreads wider. It also demonstrated that the convective heating is significantly affected by the complexity of the flow field, such as the shock wave/boundary layer interactions, while the radiative heating is simply an integral effect of the whole flow field. Although the radiative heating in the combustion chambers reaches a certain level, an order of magnitude of 10 k W/m2, it still contributes little to the total heat transfer(<7%).