秦“输作”相关问题研究——以岳麓书院藏秦简为中心

“输作”在简文中亦被称为“输”或“论输某处作”,是秦王朝通常配合“完城旦舂”等刑罚所使用的一种处罚方式。其惩罚特征有二:其一是远距离调动,异地服刑;其二是到达目的地后的“苦作”,且不得赦免。“输作”主要针对那些对秦王朝统治秩序构成潜在威胁的人,如主张合纵反秦者、反秦活动的参加者以及挑战统治秩序的“悍”者。据现有资料已知的“输”目的地有巴蜀以及设置在洞庭“难亡”之处的一些“恒迁所”。管理方面,在连坐的基础上实行购赏制度,鼓励互相监视与告发。

东汉“输作左校”刑罚考

输作左校是东汉政府对犯罪官员的一种惩罚。左校是将作大匠的下属机构,主要负责京师工程劳作,输作左校就是服劳役刑。东汉桓帝时期大量输作左校事件的记载反映了党人和宦官的激烈斗争。输作左校制度魏晋南北朝时期仍然存在,宋代以后基本消失。

东汉儒士的政治斗争

以往的史学论著有关东汉儒士反抗黑暗政治的斗争,涉及不多。特别是对其斗争形式之复杂,规模之大,影响之深,以及它的历史作用没有给予充分重视和估价,本文就此略抒管见请教史学界同事指正。

Downlink cooperative beamforming for MIMO cellular systems

In downlink cellular multiple users in multiple cells systems using beams, the should cooperate to generate beams to improve the spectrum efficiency. A mathematical model for the multi-cell multi-user downlink transmission is established, and the gradients of the variables including beamfonning filters, receiving filters and transmitting power are calculated. Then, a gradient-project-based cooperative beamforming scheme is proposed in which each user iteratively adjusts bearnforming variables in the direction of the gradients and projects onto feasible spaces. The information exchange protocol needed to support the scheme is also described. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve an average spectral efficiency of about 5 bit/（ s · Hz · cell）. The results show that cooperative beamforming can improve the spectrum efficiency of the cellular systems.

Fruit Photosynthesis and Assimilate Translocation and Partitioning: Their Characteristics and Role in Sugar Accumulation in Developing Citrus unshiu Fruit

Dynamics of dry- or fresh-weight of fruit, peel photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content, and the characteristics of translocation and distribution of radiolabelled assimilates from leaf or fruit were examined in developing satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa wase) fruit from primary stage of fruit enlargement up to fruit full ripe. Change in fruit photosynthetic rate was some what related to the change in the chlorophyll content of peel. Fruit photosynthetic rate markedly declined as chlorophyll degradation occurred in the peel. Before full ripe stage of the fruit, photosynthates produced by a 14C-fed leaf were mainly distributed to juice sacs even during periods when dry matter accumulation in peel was more rapid than that in juice sacs. At the full ripe stage, peel photosynthetic rate approached zero and peel became the major sink of leaf photosynthates. Most of the peel assimilates, however, remained in situ for up to 48 h after feeding 14CO 2 to the fruit, only a small portion being transported to other parts of fruit. The percentage of fruit photosynthates exported decreased with fruit development and ripening, but the peak rate of export to juice sacs amount to as high as 12%. The sugar content and dry weights of peel and juice sacs in shaded fruit were lower than that in the control fruit. These results show that peel assimilate was mainly consumed in peel respiration and growth and thus the dependence on leaf photosynthates decreased. Part of this assimiate was used in sugar accumulation in juice sacs of fruit.

Tests on the First 500 kV Compact Transmission Line in China

The paper deals with the tests on the first 500 kV compact transmission line. The transmission line stretches from Fangshan Substation to Changping Substation nearby Beijing with a length of 83 km. In order to investigate the characteristics of the transmission line, many tests were performed on the line before and after its operation. The results indicate that all electrical parameters are perfectly identical to the design.

The Enlightment on Task-based Teaching Derived from Input Hypothesis

Aiming at gradually developing and perfecting the task-based teaching method, the essay, with enlightment from the Krashen＇s Input Hypothesis, discusses some issues about input, output, activities and teacher＇s role in this method.

The BLOC Interactomes Form a Network in Endosomal Transport

With the identification of more than a dozen novel Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome （HPS） proteins in vesicle trafficking in higher eukaryotes, a new class of trafficking pathways has been described. It mainly consists of three newly-defined protein com- plexes, BLOC-l, -2, and -3. Compelling evidence indicates that these complexes together with two other well-known complexes, AP3 and HOPS, play important roles in endosomal transport. The interactions between these complexes form a network in protein trafficking via endosomes and cytoskeleton. Each node of this network has intra-complex and extra-complex interactions. These complexes are connected by direct interactions between the subunits from different complexes or by indirect interactions through coupling nodes that interact with two or more subunits from different complexes. The dissection of this network facilitates the understanding of a dynamic but elaborate transport machinery in protein/membrane trafficking. The disruption of this network may lead to abnormal trafficking or defective organellar development as described in patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome.

STUDY ON DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF SHIPPING CENTERS AND TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS IN THE YELLOW SEA RIM

It is very important to establish cooperative mechanism to guarantee allmembers to develop their e-conomies in the Yellow Sea Rim. In this paper, the development strategiesof shipping centers and transportation network are discussed based on economic globalizationtendency. The results argue that a united transportation network should be built in order to promotethe economic competition of Northeast Asia in the world. As a key component of the economiccooperation, a hierarchical shipping centers network should be established with Hong Kong, Shanghai,Pusan, Kobe, and Tokyo as cores. The authorities of China, Japan, R. 0. Korea and D. P. R. Koreashould make more efforts to build a set of cooperation institutions based on raising thetransportation efficiency.

Broadband ＆ Digital Content-Couple Subscriber Cooperative Relaying Networks for Uplink Transmission using Hierarchical Game Approach

Cooperation allows wireless network users to benefit from various gains such as an in- crease in the achieved rate or an improvement in the bit error rate. In the paper, we propose a distributed Hierarchical Game （HG） theoretic framework over multi-user cooperative communication networks to stimulate cooperation and improve the network performance. First, we study a two- user decision making game in the OFDMA based subscriber cooperative relaying network, in which subscribers transmit their own data in the first phase, while helping to retransmit their partner＇s or choosing to freeride in the second phase. Instead of consulting to a global optimal solution, we decouple the cooperation resource allocation into two level subproblems： a user level Nash game for distributed cooperation decision and a Base Station （BS） level coalition game for centralized resource allocation. In the proposed HG algorithm, where mutual cooperation is preferred and total payoff is transferable, we prove it converges to a unique optimal equilibrium and resolve the subcarrier as-signment and power allocation among the couples. Besides, we discuss the existence of the publishing and rewarding coefficients in order to encourage cooperation. Then, we extend the HG to multi-user cases by coupling among subscribers according to the location information. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme with the distributed HG game achieves a well tradeoff between fairness and efficiency by improving the transmission efficiency of adverse users and outperforms those employing centralized schemes.

Influence of wave and current on deep-sea mining transporting system

As a solution to the breaking of pipeline under high axial force,carbon fiber composite pipe with low density and high intensity is applied to deep-sea mining transporting system.Based on the fact that the transporting pipe is under the forces of gravity,inner liquid,buoyancy as well as hydrodynamic force,geometric nonlinear finite element theory has been applied to analyzing the transporting system.Conclusions can be drawn as follows.Under the interaction of waves and currents,node forces FX and FZ acted by the transporting pipe on the mining vehicle are less than 2 kN,which indicates that waves and currents have little influence on the spatial shape of the transporting pipe and the mining vehicle movement.On the other hand,the horizontal force acting on the mining ship could be as large as 106 830 N,which has great influence on the mining system.

Transmission performance of 2.4 GHz wireless sensor nodes when used in a working-face environment

Wireless sensor nodes have the advantage of being low-cost,easily deployed and of good mobility.If deployed in an underground mine with existing underground transmission systems a wireless sensor network can improve the collection of information.To get good transmission performance for 2.4 GHz wireless sensor nodes at the working face we calculated the reflection properties of electromagnetic waves from a flat metal plate.Using the cascade impedance method(CIM),we studied transmission attenuation and compared the results to actual tests.The results show that the effective transmission distance of 2.4 GHz wireless sensor nodes meets the stipulations of the ZigBee protocol.

Cooperative communication technology based on relay antenna in high-speed train scenario

The user signal quality as well as the performance of transmission link experiences severe loss due to wireless channel fading and propagation loss in high-speed railway scenario.To improve the quality at the receiving end,spatial diversity was realized by means of cooperative communication technology based on the uncorrelated characteristics of the channels.The model of mobile communication system in high-speed railway was set up,and a cooperative scheme based on statistics was proposed.Mathematical analysis and simulation results show that the quality of the received signal and the performance of the transmission link are significantly improved using cooperative communication technology compared to that in non-cooperative communication mode.

Energy Efficiency Based on Joint Data Packet Fragmentation and Cooperative Transmission

Energy efficiency(EE) is a key requirement for the design of short-range communication network.In order to alleviate energy consumption(EC) constraint,a novel layered heterogeneous mobile cloud architecture is proposed in this paper.Based on the proposed layered heterogeneous mobile cloud architecture,we establish an appropriate energy consumption model,and design an energy efficiency scheme based on joint data packet fragmentation and cooperative transmission and analyze the energy efficiency corresponding to different packet sizes and the cloud size.Simulation results show that,when all nodes of the cloud are accessing the same size of data packet fragmentation,the proposed layered heterogeneous mobile cloud architecture can provide significant energy savings.The results provide useful insights into the possible operation of the strategies and show that significant energy consumption reductions are possible.

Social-Aware Cooperation Among Mobile Terminals for Wireless Downlink Transmission

This paper investigates the social-aware cooperation(SAC) among mobile terminals(MTs), motivated by the fact that modern smart devices have much improved context awareness. Aware of the social ties, the cooperative network contains two layers of property: social and physical. In order to observe how the social awareness benefit the cooperation performance, we first formulate the social ties between MTs into parameters that can describe the cooperative behaviors by taking the mobility feature into account, defined as the conviction-approval-suspicion(CAS) model. Limited by the processing capability, partner selection is of great practical significance. To this end, the social-aware partner selection strategy is analyzed, and a significant superiority is observed compared to social-unaware selection. By analyzing the cooperative throughput, an explicit relationship between the degrees-of-freedom gain and the social-physical property is finally derived. Simulation results validate the theoretical analysis.

Improve Diction in Writing Through Reading

Krashen＇s Input Hypothesis, Swain＇s Output Hypothesis, and Schmidt＇s Noticing Hypothesis are the important theories related to SLA （Second Language Acquisition）. A model based on the three is established in the present paper and used to guide students＇ writing. Some specific task types are designed to help learners know how to use words correctly and appropriately in context and thus improve their overall word use in writing. The conclusion is drawn that through conscious reading （the so-called input） and conscious imitate use of the words and expressions in the reading （the so-called output）, learners will improve the diction in writing.

A HIGH RESOLUTION WIDE SWATH SAR METHOD BASED ON INTRA-PULSE NULL STEERING AND MIMO

High Resolution Wide Swath (HRWS) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) often suffers from low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) due to small transmitting antenna, especially in phased array antenna systems. Digital Beam Forming (DBF) based on Single Input and Multiple Output (SIMO) achieves receiving array gain at the cost of increasing data rate. This letter proposes a new HRWS SAR method, which employs intra-pulse null steering to get receiving gain in elevation and decrease the data rate, and Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) using Space-Time Block Coding (STBC) in azimuth to get transmitting gain and receiving array gain simultaneously. The feasibility is verified by deduction and simulations.

Effects of the Production-Oriented Approach on EFL Learners’Writing Performance in China’s Tertiary Education

The Production-Oriented Approach(POA)has been proposed as a remedy for overcoming the problem of input-output separation in the traditional text-centered teaching and learning paradigm in tertiary education in China.This two-week quasi-experimental study investigated the effect of the POA,compared with the traditional text-centered Intensive Reading Approach(IRA),on college students’L2 writing performance in terms of overall quality of the writing and its components of language,idea,and discourse structure.Data included writing samples of both experimental and control groups before and after classroom instruction and the results of a language achievement test on mastery of target language forms predicating students’language use in writing.The results showed that:1)no significant difference was found between the two groups either in the overall quality or in the“idea”and“structure”of the written texts;2)the experimental group outperformed the control group with respect to language use,in terms of both language quality and the frequency of target language use.These results indicated that the POA might have an advantage over the IRA in facilitating learners’writing development.

Preliminary Results of Assessing the Mixing of Wave Transport Flux Residualin the Upper Ocean with ROMS

The effects of the mixing of wave transport flux residual(Bvl) on the upper ocean is studied through carrying out the control run(CR) and a series of sensitive runs(SR) with ROMS model.In this study,the important role of Bvl is revealed by comparing the ocean temperature,statistical analysis of errors and evaluating the mixed layer depth.It is shown that the overestimated SST is improved effectively when the wave-induced mixing is incorporated to the vertical mixing scheme.As can be seen from the vertical structure of temperature 28℃ isotherm changes from 20 min CR to 35 m in SR3,which is more close to the observation.Statistic analysis shows that the root-mean-square errors of the temperature in 10 m are reduced and the correlation between model results and observation data are increased after considering the effect of Bvl.The numerical results of the ocean temperature show improvement in summer and in tropical zones in winter,especially in the strong current regions in summer.In August the mixed layer depth(MLD) which is defined as the depth that the temperature has changed 0.5℃ from the reference depth of 10 m is further analyzed.The simulation results have a close relationship with undetermined coefficient of Bvl,sensitivity studies show that a coefficient about 0.1 is reasonable value in the model.

A Cooperative MIMO Transmission Scheme for Cluster-based Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network is becoming more and more popular in recent years, but energy- constrained characteristic of sensor nodes is one of the critical issues that we must consider in system design. In this paper, a cluster-based virtual VBLAST transmission scheme is proposed to achieve energy savings for energy-constrained wireless sensor networks. In the proposed scheme, instead of using cluster member as cooperative nodes, multiple cluster heads cooperate to form virtual antenna array so that V-BLAST based virtual MIMO transmission can be implemented. Based on the communication energy consumption model, a way to optimize the parameters for the scheme is given. In addition, detailed simulation is performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme for both densely and sparsely deployed sensor networks. Theoretical analysis and simulation results verify the energy efficiency of the proposed scheme.