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论英国地方政府法下中央对地方管制路径的演进 被引量:9
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作者 杨欣 《国际论坛》 CSSCI 北大核心 2008年第4期68-72,共5页
英国议会主权的宪政格局与地方自治的传统造就了中央与地方关系的原始紧张。1979年保守党入主中央政府,凭借1980、1988年两部地方政府法确立了针对地方政府的"输入管制"。1997年工党上台,尝试与地方政府建立新型合作关系,通过... 英国议会主权的宪政格局与地方自治的传统造就了中央与地方关系的原始紧张。1979年保守党入主中央政府,凭借1980、1988年两部地方政府法确立了针对地方政府的"输入管制"。1997年工党上台,尝试与地方政府建立新型合作关系,通过1999年地方政府法将对地方政府的管制路径修正为"结果管制",2000年与2003年两部地方政府法在延续结果管制的同时,扩大了地方政府在社区中的权力。结果管制虽未能改变英国的单一制框架,但给了地方政府更为灵活和宽松的发展空间。 展开更多
关键词 英国 地方政府法 输入管制 结果管制
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Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Issue of Protection against Negative Impact of Floods
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作者 Karel Drbal 《Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(B)》 2012年第5期620-631,共12页
The paper follows possible specification of a control algorithm of a WS (water management system) during floods using the procedures of AI (artificial intelligence). The issue of minimizing negative impacts of flo... The paper follows possible specification of a control algorithm of a WS (water management system) during floods using the procedures of AI (artificial intelligence). The issue of minimizing negative impacts of floods represents influencing and controlling a dynamic process of the system where the main regulation elements are water reservoirs. Control of water outflow from reservoirs is implicitly based on the used model (titled BW) based on FR (fuzzy regulation). Specification of a control algorithm means dealing with the issue of preparing a knowledge base for the process of tuning fuzzy regulators based on an I/O (input/output) matrix obtained by optimization of the target behaviour of WS. Partial results can be compared with the regulation outputs when specialized tuning was used for the fuzzy regulator of the control algorithm. Basic approaches follow from the narrow relation on BW model use to simulate floods, without any connection to real water management system. A generally introduced model allows description of an outflow dynamic system with stochastic inputs using submodels of robust regression in the outflow module. The submodels are constructed on data of historical FS (flood situations). 展开更多
关键词 Flood protection artificial intelligence reservoirs control fuzzy regulation.
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