核电站海水淡化与水热同输项目经济性分析

受我国环保政策、能源供给和排放指标限制要求,高能耗产业基地或工业园区亟需清洁供热热源解决方案。以核能替代部分传统热源,是当前工业减排污染物的有效途径,也是优化能源结构的优先选择。同时为了缓解北方区域水资源短缺,将原料海水经淡化后向城市供水。本文采用非供暖季供水,供暖季供水和供热的设计理念,通过分析研究主要工艺流程的经济性比较,以假设核电站海水淡化与水热同输项目案例为依托,在供热量、供热价格、供水量均固定不变的基础上,测算融资前后水价的盈亏平衡价格,以及在保证资本金内部收益率8%的前提下的水价,并与市政水价进行比较,对类似工程具有参考意义。

引渤济锡及煤炭、海洋、生态资源的联合开发

引渤济锡工程是从辽宁省葫芦岛市渤海湾引海水到锡林郭勒盟的大型输海水工程。煤炭、海洋、生态资源的联合开发将为海水利用开辟全新的领域,是海洋经济模式新的突破,是海陆统筹发展战略的具体实施。新疆和内蒙古煤炭储量丰富,土地沙化和荒漠化危机严重,海水西送,具有广阔的应用前景。

Water transports through the four main straits around the South China Sea

A quasi-global high-resolution HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) is used to investigate seasonal variations of water transports through the four main straits in the South China Sea. The results show that the annual transports through the four straits Luzon Strait, Taiwan Strait, Sunda Shelf and Mindoro Strait are -4.5, 2.3, 0.5 and 1.7 Sv (1 Sv=106 m3s-1), respectively. The Mindoro Strait has an important outflow that accounts for over one third of the total inflow through the Luzon Strait. Furthermore, it indicates that there are strong seasonal variations of water transport in the four straits. The water transport through the Luzon Strait (Taiwan Strait, Sunda Shelf, Mindoro Strait) has a maximum value of -7.6 Sv in December (3.1 Sv in July, 2.1S v in January, 4.5Sv in November), a minimum value of -2.1 Sv in June (1.5 Sv in October, -1.0 Sv in June, -0.2 Sv in May), respectively.

Modeling underwater transport of oil spilled from deepwater area in the South China Sea

Based on a Lagrangian integral technique and Lagrangian particle-tracking technique,a numerical model was developed to simulate the underwater transport of oil from a deepwater spill. This model comprises two submodels: a plume dynamics model and an advection-diffusion model. The former is used to simulate the stages dominated by the initial jet momentum and plume buoyancy of the spilled oil,while the latter is used to simulate the stage dominated by the ambient current and turbulence. The model validity was verified through comparisons of the model predictions with experimental data from several laboratory flume experiments and a field experiment. To demonstrate the capability of the model further,it was applied to the simulation of a hypothetical oil spill occurring at the seabed of a deepwater oil/gas field in the South China Sea. The results of the simulation would be useful for contingency planning with regard to the emergency response to an underwater oil spill.

Phase change analysis of an underwater glider propelled by the ocean's thermal energy

The phase change characteristic of the power source of an underwater glider propelled by the ocean＇s thermal energy is the key factor in glider attitude control. A numerical model has been established based on the enthalpy method to analyze the phase change heat transfer process under convective boundary conditions. Phase change is not an isothermal process, but one that occurs at a range of temperature. The total melting time of the material is very sensitive to the surrounding temperature. When the temperature of the surroundings decreases 8 degrees, the total melting time increases 1.8 times. But variations in surrounding temperature have little effect on the initial temperature of phase change, and the slope of the temperature time history curve remains the same. However, the temperature at which phase change is completed decreases significantly. Our research shows that the phase change process is also affected by container size, boundary conditions, and the power source＇s cross sectional area. Materials stored in 3 cylindrical containers with a diameter of 38ram needed the shortest phase change time. Our conclusions should be helpful in effective design of underwater glider power systems.

Input characteristics and risk analysis of ballast water from offshore entry ships in China

Large quantities of ballast water discharge from ocean going ships in sea ports of China is one of the important factorswhich cause the spread of aquatic nonindigenous harmful species isolated geographically by waters,the deteriorating environment of the near-shore water area and the frequent outbreaks of red tides.In this paper,the total amount of the ballast water input estimation model for entry ships in Chinese ports was established.The information of foreign trade shipping and the import and export goods released publicly by the State Department of Transportation and the State General Administration of Customs were investigated.And then,the input features and its ecological environment risk of ballast water in China's offshore entry ships from2007to2012were analyzed based on the established total input amounts of ballast water from entry ships to Chinese sea ports together with the ballast water input ratio of the five major port-groups in China.The results show that:the total ballast water input amounts from entry ships of the five major port-groups in China are extremely imbalanced.The most developed Yangtze River Delta in economy has the biggest total ballast water input amounts,103.61million tons in2012.The second is the Circum-Bohai Sea Region(73.66million tons)and the third is the Pearl River Delta(67.24million tons).The total ballast water input amounts of the northwest and the southwest coastal areas are less,only16.57and5.71million tons respectively.The large quantity of entry ships’ballast water discharge has been an enormous threat to ecological environment of our country's sea areas,especially to economically developed regions.

Experiments on Channel Evolution Caused by Check-dam Failure

A 10 m long,0.2 m wide flume was employed to simulate the channel bed evolution of check-dam failure.The experiment longitudinal profiles,the gradient of channel bed,head-cutting propagation distance and deposition length were compared with the theoretical solution derived from a sediment transport diffusion equation.In contrast with the theoretical solution,two different gradients were obtained upstream and downstream of the check-dam.The theoretical solution provides a good description of the changes upstream of the check-dam. The ratio of clear water depth to sediment moving layer thickness in the experiment was analyzed and showed that high concentration sediment laden flow was taken in the incipient of check-dam failure,which may be the reason why the experiment result was slightly different from the theoretical solution in the downstream of check-dam.

Characteristics of water exchange in the Luzon Strait during September 2006

The Luzon Strait is the only deep channel that connects the South China Sea(SCS) with the Pacific.The transport through the Luzon Strait is an important process influencing the circulation,heat and water budgets of the SCS.Early observations have suggested that water enters the SCS in winter but water inflow or outflow in summer is quite controversial.On the basis of hydrographic measurements from CTD along 120° E in the Luzon Strait during the period from September 18 to 20 in 2006,the characteristics of temperature,salinity and density distributions are analyzed.The velocity and volume transport through the Luzon Strait are calculated using the method of dynamic calculation.The major observed results show that water exchanges are mainly from the Pacific to the South China Sea in the upper layer,and the flow is relatively weak and eastward in the deeper layer.The net volume transport of the Luzon Strait during the observation period is westward,amounts to about 3.25 Sv.This result is consistent with historical observations.

Modeling vertical heat transport in the wave affected surface layer of the ocean

In considering the vertical heat boundary approximation for the free surface applied. However, due to the existence of the transport problems in the upper ocean, the flat upper and the horizontal homogenous hypothesis are usually wave motion, the application of this approximation may result in some errors to the solar irradiation since it decays quickly in respect to the actual thickness of the water layer below the surface; on the other hand, due to the fluctuation of the water layer depth, it is improper to neglect the effects of the horizontal advection and turbulent diffusion since they also contribute to the vertical heat transport. A new model is constructed in this study to reflect these effects. The corresponding numerical simulations show that the wave motion may remarkably accelerate the vertical heat transferring process and the variation of the temperature in the wave affected layer appears in an oscillating manner.

Osmotic concentration of succinic acid by forward osmosis:Influence of feed solution pH and evaluation of seawater as draw solution

In this study, we investigated the essential role of feed solution pH so as to gain insights into the transport mechanisms of succinic acid concentration by osmotically-driven forward osmosis （FO） process. FO performances including water flux and bidirectional transport of succinate and chloride anions were systematically examined using cellulose triacetate-based FO membrane. Additionally, real seawater was explored as draw solution. Experimental results revealed that the pH-dependent speciation of succinic acid can affect the FO performances. Ionization of succinic acid at higher solution pH enhanced the osmotic pressure of feed solution, thus leading to lower water flux performance. A strong effect was pointed out on the succinate rejection for which nearly 100% rejections were achieved at pH above its pKa2 value. The rejection of succinate increased in the following order of chemical form： C2H4C2O4H2 〈 C2H4C2OH- 〈 C2H4C2O24-. With real seawater as the draw solution, low to moderate water fluxes （〈4 L. m- 2. h- 1 ） were observed. The divalent succinate anion was highly retained in the feed side despite differences in the succinic acid feed concentration at pH of approximately 6.90.

Observed water current and transport through Qiongzhou Strait during August 2010

The velocity structure of the residual current across an entire section of the Qiongzhou Strait(QS) in summer is presented for the fi rst time. Shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profi le measurements, from the mid-region of the QS(110.18°E), were collected on 1–4 August 2010. The diurnal tidal currents had their maximum amplitudes between 4.24 and 20.24 m. Their amplitude along the major axis ranged from approximately 0.55 m/s in the middle part of the strait(20.15°N) to 0.84 m/s in the north part of the strait(20.20°N). Both anticlockwise and clockwise tidal current rotations exist in the QS. During the observation period(neap tide), a signifi cant westward residual current occupied almost the entire study section. Two velocity cores of westward current were observed at the northern part and near the deepest trough, although an eastward current appeared in the middle part of the transect. The deepest core was located near 62 m at 20.13°N, with a maximum velocity of-0.34 m/s. The shallower core was located at approximately 16 m at 20.20°N, with a maximum velocity of-0.33 m/s. The estimated total volume of water transported through the QS was-0.16 Sv. This value is an important boundary condition, applicable to numerical models studying coastal ocean circulation in the northwestern South China Sea.

Water vapor transport over China and its relationship with drought and flood in Yangtze River Basin

The characteristics of water vapor transport(WVT) over China and its relationship with precipitation anomalies in the Yangtze River Basin(YRB) are analyzed by using the upper-air station data in China and ECMWF reanalysis data in summer from 1981 to 2002.The results indicate that the first mode of the vertically integrated WVT is significant whose spatial distribution presents water vapor convergence or divergence in the YRB.When the Western Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH) is strong and shifts southward and westward, the Indian Monsoon Low Pressure(IMLP) is weak, and the northern part of China stands behind the middle and high latitude trough, a large amount of water vapor from the Bay of Bengal(BOB), the South China Sea(SCS) and the western Pacific forms a strong and steady southwest WVT band and meets the strong cold water vapor from northern China in the YRB, thus it is likely to cause flood in the YRB.When WPSH is weak and shifts northward and eastward, IMLP is strong, and there is nearly straight west wind over the middle and high latitude, it is unfavorable for oceanic vapor extending to China and no steady and strong southwest WVT exists in the region south of the YRB.Meanwhile, the cold air from northern China is weak and can hardly be transported to the YRB.This brings on no obvious water vapor convergence, and then less precipitation in the YRB.

The extreme Arctic warm anomaly in November 2020

In November 2020,the eastern Arctic experienced an extensive extreme warm anomaly(i.e.,the second strongest case since 1979),which was followed by extreme cold conditions over East Asia in early winter.The observed Arctic warm anomaly in November 2020 was able to extend upwards to the upper troposphere,characterized as a deep Arctic warm anomaly.In autumn 2020,substantial Arctic sea-ice loss that exceeded the record held since1979,accompanied by increased upward turbulent heat flux,was able to strongly warm the Arctic.Furthermore,there was abundant northward moisture transport into the Arctic from the North Atlantic,which was the strongest in the past four decades.This extreme moisture intrusion was able to enhance the downward longwave radiation and strongly contribute to the warm conditions in the Arctic.Further analysis indicated that the remote moisture intrusion into the Arctic was promoted by the large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns,such as the wave train propagating from the midlatitude North Atlantic to the Arctic.This process may have been linked to the warmer sea surface temperature in the midlatitude North Atlantic.

Estimation of the Maximum Allowable Loading Amount of COD in Luoyuan Bay by a 3-D COD Transport and Transformation Model

The rapid economic and social developments in the Luoyuan and Lianjiang counties of Fujian Province,China,raise certain environment and ecosystem issues.The unusual phytoplankton bloom and eutrophication,for example,have increased in severity in Luoyuan Bay （LB）.The constant increase of nutrient loads has largely caused the environmental degradation in LB.Several countermeasures have been implemented to solve these environmental problems.The most effective of these strategies is the reduction of pollutant loadings into the sea in accordance with total pollutant load control （TPLC） plans.A combined three-dimensional hydrodynamic transport-transformation model was constructed to estimate the marine environmental capacity of chemical oxygen demand （COD）.The allowed maximum loadings for each discharge unit in LB were calculated with applicable simulation results.The simulation results indicated that the environmental capacity of COD is approximately 11×l0^4tyear^-1 when the water quality complies with the marine functional zoning standards for LB.A pollutant reduction scheme to diminish the present levels of mariculture-and domestic-based COD loadings is based on the estimated marine COD environmental capacity.The obtained values imply that the LB waters could comply with the targeted water quality criteria.To meet the revised marine functional zoning standards,discharge loadings from discharge units 1 and 11 should be reduced to 996 and 3236t year^-1,respectively.

Inputs of organochlorine insecticides to Xiamen coastal waters

This paper quantifies organochlorine insecticides （OC1） inputs in the Jiulong River and shows the large use in the agricultural activities and analyses specifically the status of soil, fruit and vegetable contamination by these persistent pollutants in some locations of Xiamen region. From this purpose, soil samples collected from Jiulong agricultural catchment have been analyzed for 18 selected OCI using gas chromatography electron capture detection and to identify the factors that may control the distribution and persistence of organochlorines in the area. The main insecticides found in soil samples were Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endosulfan I1, Endrin aldehyde, Endosulfan sulphate and Methoxychlor. The total organochlorines detected in soil samples ranged from 3.14 to 10.35 ng/g soil. The highest values of OC1 were significantly detected in the orange trees＇ leaves, which range from 1203 to 2681 ng/g soil showing recent uses of these agrochemicals. Their distribution in vegetable samples were also monitored and indicating that the concentration ranged from 3.236 to 7.188 ng/g. The contamination of Jiulong River estuary by organochlorine pesticides has been then widely justified by soil runoffs from these agricultural areas. The results therefore, provide important information on the current contamination status and point to the need for urgent actions to stop the use of persistent agrochemicals. The necessity of implementing systematic monitoring of insecticide contamination is emphasized.

Application of Mathematical Model to Assess Sediment Movement Pattern along Nearshore Coastal Water

Movement of sediment load and its pattern of transportation along nearshore coastal water is a very important phenomenon to be assessed for different sector of coastal Engineering. To develop and understand the physical processes responsible for shaping the ongoing evolution of the coast and to develop the management strategies to deal the impact of human activities on the coastal zone and as well as for adapting to the hazards associated with the people living on the coast, knowledge of the mechanism, processes and the pattern of sediment movement in the nearshore zone is of utmost importance. Nearshore zone is a very active area, where a series of dynamic processes occur in response to changing wave climates and sediment budgets. Nowadays mathematical modeling is an attractive alternative and becoming a very viable approach to study the sediment movement pattern with the advanced computational facilities and improved understanding on wave mechanics and sediment transport processes. It is very effective, reliable and also comfortable to study the pattern of sediment transportation including yield, distribution and management of sediment with the help of mathematical model. Validity of forecast in sediment transport depends on both mathematical modeling technique and boundary conditions.

Experience of Complex Application of BW Convention （2004） by the Example of the Port Novorossiysk

The pioneer technical policy carried out by Federal State Institution ＂Novorossiysk Maritime Port Administration＂ in mutual cooperation with the Southern Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences on control and management of ballast waters and ecosystem monitoring of marine environment in areas of ballast water discharge provides the task of complex approach for minimization of risk of introduction of biologically negative invaders by marine transport and preservation of biodiversity of the Black Sea.

南海海面高度和输运流函数:全球变网格模式结果

为了研究南海环流结构和变异及其与外部水域的关系,我们建立了一个嵌套于全球大洋环流模式中的高分辨率中国近海环流数值模式.给出模拟所得南海月平均以及年平均的海面高度和流函数分布,与TOPEX/POXEIDON资料比较表明,所得海面高度距平与观测十分一致.基于这些结果,讨论了南海的环流结构,尤其是上层环流结构,结果表明:对于表层海水来说,黑潮在冬、春和秋季均通过吕宋海峡入侵南海,夏季则表层没有入侵,但对于整个海水而言,全年均有海水从太平洋通过吕宋海峡进入南海,这一差异表明,在夏季,太平洋的海水是在次表层和中层入侵南海的,南海北部陆坡附近全年受气旋式环流控制,夏季的南海南部反气旋流圈、越南东南离岸流和冬季的南海南部气旋流圈都得到了很好的再现.南海海面高度和海面高度距平之间的差异明显.表明,在利用卫星高度计资料研究南海的上层环流时,长期平均海面高度的空间分布有重要意义.