This paper describes the study analysis performed to evaluate the available and potential solutions to control the highly increasing short circuit （SC） levels in Kuwait power system. The real Kuwait High Voltage （H...This paper describes the study analysis performed to evaluate the available and potential solutions to control the highly increasing short circuit （SC） levels in Kuwait power system. The real Kuwait High Voltage （HV） network was simulated to examine different measures at both 275 kV and 132 kV stations. The simulation results show that the short circuit currents exceed the permissible levels （40 kA in the 132 kV network and 63 kA in the 275 kV network） in some specific points. The examined measures include the a study on changing the neutral point policy, changing some lines from alternating current （AC） to direct current （DC）, dividing specific bus bars in some generating stations and applying current limiters. The paper also presents a new plan for the transmission network in order to manage the expected increase in short circuit levels in the future.展开更多
In this study,two fullerenes(C60,C70)and their methano-substitutions(PC61BM,PC71BM),as electron transport materials(ETMs)in perovskite solar cells(Pero-SCs),were systematically studied.As being used as ETMs,methanoful...In this study,two fullerenes(C60,C70)and their methano-substitutions(PC61BM,PC71BM),as electron transport materials(ETMs)in perovskite solar cells(Pero-SCs),were systematically studied.As being used as ETMs,methanofullerenes,though with lower electron mobility compared to the counterpart pristine fullerenes,lead to higher power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of Pero-SCs.The difference is likely caused by the fill-out vacancies and smoother morphology of the interfaces between ETM and perovskite layers,as they were prepared by different methods.In addition,compared to C60 and PC61BM,C70 and PC71BM showed priority in terms of short-circuit current density,which should be attributed to fast free charge extraction abilities.展开更多
文摘This paper describes the study analysis performed to evaluate the available and potential solutions to control the highly increasing short circuit （SC） levels in Kuwait power system. The real Kuwait High Voltage （HV） network was simulated to examine different measures at both 275 kV and 132 kV stations. The simulation results show that the short circuit currents exceed the permissible levels （40 kA in the 132 kV network and 63 kA in the 275 kV network） in some specific points. The examined measures include the a study on changing the neutral point policy, changing some lines from alternating current （AC） to direct current （DC）, dividing specific bus bars in some generating stations and applying current limiters. The paper also presents a new plan for the transmission network in order to manage the expected increase in short circuit levels in the future.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51303118,91333204)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20130289)+3 种基金the Ph.D.Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(20133201120008)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutionsthe Scientific Research Foundation for Returned Scholars,Ministry of Education of ChinaBeijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
文摘In this study,two fullerenes(C60,C70)and their methano-substitutions(PC61BM,PC71BM),as electron transport materials(ETMs)in perovskite solar cells(Pero-SCs),were systematically studied.As being used as ETMs,methanofullerenes,though with lower electron mobility compared to the counterpart pristine fullerenes,lead to higher power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of Pero-SCs.The difference is likely caused by the fill-out vacancies and smoother morphology of the interfaces between ETM and perovskite layers,as they were prepared by different methods.In addition,compared to C60 and PC61BM,C70 and PC71BM showed priority in terms of short-circuit current density,which should be attributed to fast free charge extraction abilities.
