全尺度压缩空气泡沫输运管道压力分布试验

为有效提升压缩空气泡沫输运能力,更好地应对换流站火灾,开展699、406、261 m全尺度压缩空气泡沫输运管道压力分布试验研究;分析组合管道复杂程度和管道长度对压缩空气泡沫输运管道内压力的影响;采用当量阻力长度等效静压损失和局部压力损失的影响,并引入综合当量阻力系数,构建适用于工程应用的压力损失经验关系式。结果表明:在压缩空气泡沫输运阶段,管道进出口压力随时间增加先迅速升高,后趋于稳定,达到稳定状态所用时间与管长和管道复杂程度成正比,在压缩空气泡沫停止输运后,管道内压力骤降;组合管道的复杂程度不同,导致压缩空气泡沫管道内局部压力随输送距离增加,呈现非线性减小的变化趋势;得到压力损失与当量阻力长度的经验关系式,该式可用于预测管径DN50~DN200、管长1 000 m范围内的压降变化。

天然气输运管道安全管理与风险评估

天然气输运管道是能源供应体系的重要组成部分,但对其安全管理和风险评估至关重要。文章以天然气输运管道安全管理与风险评估为主题,综合分析了相关领域的研究成果和经验,并提出了一系列管理措施和评估方法。首先,文章概述了天然气输运管道的基本情况和运行特点,包括管道的布置、材料特性、运行参数等;其次,重点介绍了天然气输运管道常见的失效因素。文章提出了一种风险评估方法,通过对可能发生的事故和对环境、人员以及设备的影响程度进行综合评估,确定了管道的风险等级和相应的管理策略。随着技术的不断进步和经验的积累,对气输运管道的安全管理和风险评估将更加精细化和可靠化。

长距离油气输运管道外部安全风险辨识与评估

长距离油气输运管道是国家重要的公共基础设施,一旦受到恐怖袭击、破坏或者发生事故,将严重威胁国家能源安全和社会稳定。油气管道外部安全风险可分为恐怖袭击、自然灾害、刑事犯罪、工程事故和法律冲突(行为后果对管道的破坏)5大类,应建立科学、规范、完整、系统、动态的风险评估机制,运用风险矩阵法进行综合分析,确定风险等级,采取有效的控制措施,确保油气管道设施的安全与平稳运行。

深海采矿系统长距离垂直输运管道力学性能研究

深海采矿系统中的长距离垂直输运管道在工作中具有复杂的流固耦合力学特性,在生产作业中其结构安全性和可靠性面临严峻考验。建立深海采矿系统从海底到水面的完整模型,采用集中质量法对于其中的长距离垂直输运管道的环境载荷进行了研究,并将计算结果与模型试验测量值进行对比验证,重点分析管道顶部轴向张力和剪力的大小关系以及变化规律。分析结果表明:在深海采矿系统的长距离垂直输运管道中,轴向张力在结构载荷占主要成分,由波浪引起的结构轴向张力增加会达到管体自重的38%~48%。因此,选择合适的作业工况对降低结构载荷,加强结构安全性能有很大帮助。

基于CFD的渗滤液输运管道结垢特性的数值模拟

为缓解垃圾渗滤液输运对管道的结垢影响,设计了渗滤液浸置管材的结垢实验,以实验数据驱动计算流体动力学建模,模拟了渗滤液在直管和90°弯管中的结垢变化趋势,探究了不同管型中垢物的沉积变化特征,分析了温度、流速、管壁粗糙度、垢物粒径等因素对垢物沉积的影响。结果表明:渗滤液输运管道垢物中无机垢和有机垢的占比分别为75.6%和24.4%,垢物晶体成分主要是CaCO3,伴有少量NaCl;垢物沉积量与温度呈正相关,与流速、污垢粒径呈负相关,壁面粗糙度对沉积量影响相对较小;直管和90°弯管2种管型内垢物在多个影响因素作用下的平均沉积率分别为1.26%和7.45%,90°弯管内垢物沉积量显著大于直管。该研究结果可为渗滤液输运管路系统设计与优化提供科学依据。

瓦斯输送管道内细水雾颗粒的运动规律研究

通过建立细水雾颗粒在输运管道中的数学模型,对细水雾在管道中的运动情况进行理论分析,得到细水雾在输运管道中的运动方程和轨迹方程;通过数值模拟可知,轴线方向混合流体的速度从0.5 m后趋向于稳定.所得的模拟结果与理论分析一致,为认识细水雾的沉降规律提供了依据.

核电站输热管系中蒸汽泡溃灭模拟实验

管路热力输运系统中可能同时出现汽-液两相。当汽-液两相可能接触且存在大温差时，会导致汽相急剧冷凝相变，引起蒸汽泡溃灭水锤，导致管系结构破坏。核电站中有大量布局十分复杂的热力输运管道，由于各种原因，蒸汽泡形成和溃灭极易发生。本文针对核电站热力输运管道中汽-液接触后蒸汽泡的形成条件以及溃灭造成的影响进行了分析，用摄影追踪流动显示方法再现了管道中流向发生急剧改变处被冷水隔离的高温蒸汽泡。由于急剧冷凝使得蒸汽体积急剧收缩，环绕的水体产生猛烈碰撞，并监测到该过程中局部压力所产生的瞬间峰值。由于水体对撞运动和逆压梯度，该过程会反复发生多次。利用 VOF方法，计算模拟了二维管道系统中蒸汽泡形成的过程。核电站管路的设计和实际操作维护应及时诊断和避免上述问题的发生。

油气输运条件下X56钢的CO_2腐蚀行为研究

油气输运管线工作于苛刻的腐蚀环境中,容易造成严重的破坏。利用SEM,EDS,XPS,XRD,EIS等现代分析技术,在油气输运条件下(温度30～80℃、PCO2为0.5～2.0MPa、流速1.4m/s),对油气输运管常用材料X56钢进行了测试分析。失重试验证明:X56钢的腐蚀速率随温度的升高而升高,表现为指数关系;随CO2分压增大而加大,表现为线性关系。SEM,EDS,XPS,XRD分析表明:腐蚀产物晶体主要是由反铁磁性物质FeCO3及(Fe,Ca……)CO3复相物组成,表现为台地浸蚀及孔穴腐蚀,腐蚀产物膜由3层构成。极化曲线表明:在PCO2=0.5MPa、30～90℃条件下,随温度升高,X56钢的自腐蚀电位Ecorr变负,Icorr升高;温度80℃、PCO2=0.5～2.0MPa时,自腐蚀电位Ecorr随PCO2的增加而变正,自腐蚀电流Icorr明显增大,且阴极极化及阳极极化有明显的弱极化Tafel区。电化学交流阻抗试验表明,由于腐蚀产物膜的存在,低频区出现了半无限扩散的的Warburg阻抗特征,高频端出现了容抗弧,反应受扩散控制。

Features of pipe transportation of paste-like backfilling in deep mine

Based on the pipe transportation of paste-like backfilling system of a certain deep coal mine,its dynamics process was simulated and analyzed.A two-dimensional dynamic model of extraordinary deep and lone pipe was built by GAMBIT,on the basis of which the simulation was done by implicit solver of FLUENT 2ddp.The results show that hydraulic loss of pipe transportation is less than the pressure produced by gravity,which means the backfilling material can flow by itself.When the inlet velocity is 3.2 m/s,the maximum velocity of 4.10 m/s is at the elbow and the maximum velocity in the horizontal pipe is 3.91 m/s,which can both meet the stability requirement.The results of the simulation are proved to be reliable by the residual monitor plotting of related parameter,so it can be concluded that the system of pipe transportation is safe.

Paste-like self-flowing transportation backfilling technology based on coal gangue

A paste-like self-flowing pipeline transportation backfilling technology with coal gangue as aggregate is proposed to remove the potential damage caused by coal gangue piles. As well, the difficult problems of recovering high quality safety coal pillars and deep mining of the Suncun Coal Mine （SCM）, Xinwen Coal Group, Shandong are resolved. The physical-chemical properties of coal gangue, optimized proportion of materials, backfilling system and craft in the SCM were studied in the laboratory and then an industrial test was carried out on high quality coal pillars under a town. The results show that finely crushed kaolinized and fresh gangue with granularity less than 5 mm can be used as aggregate with fly ash to replace part of the cement and a composite water reducer as an additive, accounting for 1.0%-1.5% of the total amount of cement and fly ash. The recommended proportion is l（cement）：4（fly ash）： 15（coal gangue）, with a mass fraction of 72%-75%, rheoiogical paste-like properties and a strength of more than 0.7 MPa at 7 d. The sequence of adding cement, fly ash, water reducer and then coal gangue ensures that the suspended state of the slurry, reducing the wear and jam of pipelines. The working face is advancing continuously by the alternating craft of building block walls with coal gangue and backfilling mined-out gobs with paste-like slurry. The recovery rate is as high as 90% with a backfilling cost of 36.9 YuarffL good utilization of coal gangue and no subsidence on the surface. This technology provides a good theoretical basis and application experience for coal mines, cement backfilling with paste-like slurry.

Study on characteristics of pipeline transportation and sulfur fixing of cleaned coal logs

As special cylindrical briquettes of coal for long distance pipeline transportation and directly cleaned combustion the cleaned coal logs should possess two characteristics of transportation in pipeline and cleaned combustion. In order to make cleaned coal logs a rational technology for manufacturing, cleaned coal logs was designed and compound sulfur fixing binders with high effects of binding and sulfur-fixing was selected and combined. In addition, by means of characteristic experiments of strength, wear, waterproof and sulfur-fixing five different cleaned coal logs made with different compound sulfur fixing binders in different compaction conditions was tested and measured. Experimental results indicated that the manufacturing technology of cleaned coal logs was reasonable and the combination of compound sulfur fixing binders was scientific. Cleaned coal logs made up with the fourth group of coal mixture had high strength, good waterproof property, efficient sulfur-fixing, good characteristic of transportation, and achieved the performance requirement for pipeline transportation and sulfur fixing.

New application notion of pipeline transport——integrated in industry solid waste innocuous and efficient disposition

In order to solve transport problems of industry solid,firstly,a new applicationnotion of pipeline transport was presented,that is to say,combining pretreatment andtransport with disposal techniques of industry solid waste.Secondly,the integrated dis-posal and transport system for industry solid waste was introduced,in particular,the oper-ating principles,equipment set-up,key technology and technical parameters.Next,thispaper illustrated the application of this integrated system.Such as it can transport coalsludge with sufficiently high solids content(about 72%～77%)and high apparent viscosity(about 1 000～3 000 Pa.s)directly by pipeline having no use for water and addition agent.Generally,the transport distance is about 1 000 m.This system has been successfullyused in innocuous disposition and efficient utilization of other industrial byproducts or solidwastes,such as city sludge and paper making waste.The integrated system causes nopollution to the environment for its complete seal and realizes protecting the environment,conserving the energy,promoting the development of cycling economic.Finally,the paperdiscussed the research works that were needed for studying such pipeline transport sys-tem and narrates the relevant condition and application status.

Experimental studies on resistance characteristics of high concentration red mud in pipeline transport

Red mud will flow in paste form under high pressure during pipeline transport.It belongs to a two-phase flow of materials with high viscosity and a high concentration of non-sedimentation,homogeneous solid-liquids.In pipeline transport,its resistance char- acteristics will be influenced by such factors as grain size,velocity,concentration,density, grain composition and pipe diameter etc..With the independently developed small-sized tube-type pressure resistance test facility,studied the resistance characteristics of red mud concerning the three influencing factors,paste concentration,velocity and pipe diameter, which attract the most attention in projects.The fine grain size of the red mud is d_(50)= 13.02μm.According to the experimental results,the pressure loss in transport will in- crease along with the increase of velocity and will fall along with the increase of pipe di- ameter.A 1% difference in paste concentration will result in a 50%～100% difference in pipeline resistance loss.These experimental data is hoped to be direct guidance to the design of high concentration and viscous material pipeline transport system.

Transport Risk Assessment for the Environment

Transport risk assessment for the environment has two important aspects--problem solving model and solution veracity. Problem solving model is larger understanding of tasks interconnection, which represents in itself partial solution of general risk assessment. Veracity of solution means how the results are consistent with the reality. By researching of both aspects, it rises many unanswered questions. It is concerned about verification and validation of risk assessment results. By risk assessment for the environment it is possible to meet wide variety of more or less good soluble problems. It exists simple problems based on risk assessment of common traffic accidents connected with service charge outflow. On the other site, it exists complex problems of risk assessment connected with dangerous goods transport by traffic or pipelines. By simple problems solving there are not many questions about risk assessment veracity. It is possible to determine traffic accidents frequencies and service charge outflows consequences on the basis of examined events in transportation with great veracity. By complex problems the situation is quite different. The frequencies of large accidents are very low but the consequences for the environment may be large. Both are encumbered by large level of uncertainty. That is why the question is rising. To what degree, it is in these cases correct to make decision based on risk assessment.

REQUIREMENT OF FLUIDITY OFHIGH WATER CONTENT MATERIALS FOR THE GETWAY-SIDE BACKFILLING TECHNIQUE

Through analyzing the effects of water consumption, diameter of solid particle, and flow vefority on the fluidity of high water content material slurry, the relatinnship among the fluidity, the isotropy of the slurry, and the pumping facilities applied in getway-side backfilling has been found. And the requirment of fluidity of high water content material for the design of getway-side back filling technique is put forward in the paper.

To the Issue of Increasing the Efficiency of Operation of Energy Transmission Systems

This paper presents an overview of the safety performance of the major existing pipeline transmission system in Canada, USA and Europe. The article deals the experience of Georgia in the development of pipeline transport. The information on the distribution of catastrophic failures and incidents per individual cause is given. The role of corrosion in these failures is considered. To ensure efficient and reliable operations of oil and gas pipelines, the new compositions of competitive cost effective protective pipe enamel coatings have been developed.

Analysis of China＇s Oil and Gas Policies in 2016

Guided by President Xi Jinping's key speech about energy revolution— "Four Revolutions and One Cooperation"-the Chinese oil and gas industry continued to accelerate its pace of reform in 2016.China has deepened its supply-side structural reforms,prevented and resolved the problem of excess production capacity,increased the effective supply of clean energy such as natural gas,and formed an energy innovation system.It has pushed forward the reform of pricing mechanisms with significant adjustments in the pricing mechanisms of oil products,pipeline transportation,gas storage and gas used for fertilizer production.It has also accelerated market access reform and encouraged various investors to enter into the fields of exploration & production,pipeline transportation and crude oil imports.China has sped up the legislative process of environmental protection to promote green and low-carbon development.It has accelerated oil & gas industry institutional reform,with some provinces initiating the pilot reform of oil and gas.

Design of Process Centrifugal Compressor： an Adapted Algorithm

Considering the essential and influential role of centrifugal compressors in a wide range of industries makes most of engineers research and study on design and optimization of centrifugal compressors. Centrifugal compressors are the key to part ofoil, gas and petrochemical industries as well as gas pipeline transports. Since complete 3D design of the compressor consumes a considerable amount of time, most of active companies in the field, are profoundly interested in obtaining a design outline before taking any further steps in designing the entire machine. In this paper, a numerical algorithm, named ACDA （adapted compressor design algorithm） for fast and accurate preliminary design of centrifugal compressor is presented. The design procedure is obtained under real gas behavior, using an appropriate equation of state. Starting from impeller inlet, the procedure is continued on by resulting in numerical calculation for other sections including impeller exit, volute and exit diffuser. Clearly, in any step suitable correction factors are employed in order to conclude in precise numerical results. Finally, the achieved design result is compared with available reference data.

The development status and the prospect of the pipeline robots in the oil and gas storage and transportation industry

In the process of the constant development of the oil and gas storage and transportation technology, the maintenance of the large pipelines is an important task. At present, China vigorously promotes the use of the pipeline robots, for the maintenance of the oil and gas pipelines by the unique characteristics of the robots. In this paper, the author carries out the detailed analysis on the current situation of the development of the pipeline robots in the oil and gas storage and transportation industry, and compares the different applications of the pipeline robots at home and abroad. Starting from the principles of the operation of the robots, the author analyzes the characteristics of the different types of the robots, and combined with the existing conditions of the oil and gas storage and transportation in our country, the author tries to find the most favorable way of the working of the pipeline robots, to continuously improve the development of the oil and gas storage and transportation industry using the robot technologies.

Review of Gas Transportation and Storage Facilities Construction in 2015

By the end of 2015, total length of China＇s long-distance gas pipelines has exceeded 70,O00km. Onshore stratey, ic import paths have been formed, domestic trunk networks perfected and gas storages construction pace acceh＇rated. The Chinese section of Russia-China East Gas Pipeline was officially commenced, which marked that the northeast import path entered the stage ofconstruction. There are 13 LNG terminals in China. The National Development and Rerorm Commission （NDRC） approved China＇s.first private-owned LNG terminal- the Zhoushan LNG terminal. In the coming.five years, the focus of institutional reform will be the independence of pipelines and networks, the focus of construction will be regional networks and branch pipelines, and joint ventures will be the mainstream for gas pipeline construction and operation.