Ethnic stereotypes of Kazakh people were not specially studied. At war times, ethnic stereotypes arouse ethnic defense. Kazakh people＇s mind of ethnic unicity and ethnic defence influenced a lot defending such a grea...Ethnic stereotypes of Kazakh people were not specially studied. At war times, ethnic stereotypes arouse ethnic defense. Kazakh people＇s mind of ethnic unicity and ethnic defence influenced a lot defending such a great land, in spite of the fact that Kazakhs＇ zhuz and tribal structure was kept well and people were differentiated by kins. This mind of ethnic unicity and defence became a guarantee of saving Kazakhs as ethnic subject in the complicated political, economical, social, and cultural processes with neighbouring nations like Kalmyk, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Turukpen, Chinese, and Russian. That is why in this paper, the authors＇ aim is to show stereotypes about the Kalmyk tribes using Kazakh proverbs, heroic eposes, and legends. Writing this paper, the authors set the following objectives： to consider hetero stereotypes and auto stereotypes in Kazakh proverbs; to distinguish a legend as an image of Kazakh people＇s historical memory; to prove the peculiarities of the Kalmyks character description in Kazakh mythological folklore mind with the help of examples; to show the development of Kazakh ethnic stereotypes in two opposite directions （enmity, alien opinion, and tolerance）; to prove that the stereotypes of tolerance prevail over the stereotypes of＂enmity＂ in Kazakh legends; and to show their historical reasons.展开更多
China＇s ＂Five-Year Plan＂ is a national strategy document developed by the country＇s top leaders. Manifest in its guidelines was a concept that the developed world has traditionally and freely acknowledged, but tha...China＇s ＂Five-Year Plan＂ is a national strategy document developed by the country＇s top leaders. Manifest in its guidelines was a concept that the developed world has traditionally and freely acknowledged, but that China has only recently become an acquaintance with. Specifically, the plan labels innovation as one of its focus areas, with a goal to move up in the value chain of global economic powers by abandoning old heavy industry and building up bases of modern information-intensive infrastructure. These objectives are to be facilitated by actions which include the strengthening of intellectual property rights protection and enforcement and represents another notch on China＇ s growing shelf of advancements in the area. This paper will discuss the current state of China＇s intellectual property legal framework, the increasing awareness amongst Chinese leadership to bolster the framework and the barriers which will inevitably form in the eye of progress. The analysis will delve into the history of intellectual property in China and culminate with a glance into today＇s political and cultural landscape. The goal of this paper is to examine the importance of devising a stable legal framework in order for China to successfully adhere with the innovation aspect of its current Five-Year Plan.展开更多
文摘Ethnic stereotypes of Kazakh people were not specially studied. At war times, ethnic stereotypes arouse ethnic defense. Kazakh people＇s mind of ethnic unicity and ethnic defence influenced a lot defending such a great land, in spite of the fact that Kazakhs＇ zhuz and tribal structure was kept well and people were differentiated by kins. This mind of ethnic unicity and defence became a guarantee of saving Kazakhs as ethnic subject in the complicated political, economical, social, and cultural processes with neighbouring nations like Kalmyk, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Turukpen, Chinese, and Russian. That is why in this paper, the authors＇ aim is to show stereotypes about the Kalmyk tribes using Kazakh proverbs, heroic eposes, and legends. Writing this paper, the authors set the following objectives： to consider hetero stereotypes and auto stereotypes in Kazakh proverbs; to distinguish a legend as an image of Kazakh people＇s historical memory; to prove the peculiarities of the Kalmyks character description in Kazakh mythological folklore mind with the help of examples; to show the development of Kazakh ethnic stereotypes in two opposite directions （enmity, alien opinion, and tolerance）; to prove that the stereotypes of tolerance prevail over the stereotypes of＂enmity＂ in Kazakh legends; and to show their historical reasons.
文摘China＇s ＂Five-Year Plan＂ is a national strategy document developed by the country＇s top leaders. Manifest in its guidelines was a concept that the developed world has traditionally and freely acknowledged, but that China has only recently become an acquaintance with. Specifically, the plan labels innovation as one of its focus areas, with a goal to move up in the value chain of global economic powers by abandoning old heavy industry and building up bases of modern information-intensive infrastructure. These objectives are to be facilitated by actions which include the strengthening of intellectual property rights protection and enforcement and represents another notch on China＇ s growing shelf of advancements in the area. This paper will discuss the current state of China＇s intellectual property legal framework, the increasing awareness amongst Chinese leadership to bolster the framework and the barriers which will inevitably form in the eye of progress. The analysis will delve into the history of intellectual property in China and culminate with a glance into today＇s political and cultural landscape. The goal of this paper is to examine the importance of devising a stable legal framework in order for China to successfully adhere with the innovation aspect of its current Five-Year Plan.
