Oriented Bounding Box Object Detection Model Based on Improved YOLOv8

In the study of oriented bounding boxes(OBB)object detection in high-resolution remote sensing images,the problem of missed and wrong detection of small targets occurs because the targets are too small and have different orientations.Existing OBB object detection for remote sensing images,although making good progress,mainly focuses on directional modeling,while less consideration is given to the size of the object as well as the problem of missed detection.In this study,a method based on improved YOLOv8 was proposed for detecting oriented objects in remote sensing images,which can improve the detection precision of oriented objects in remote sensing images.Firstly,the ResCBAMG module was innovatively designed,which could better extract channel and spatial correlation information.Secondly,the innovative top-down feature fusion layer network structure was proposed in conjunction with the Efficient Channel Attention(ECA)attention module,which helped to capture inter-local cross-channel interaction information appropriately.Finally,we introduced an innovative ResCBAMG module between the different C2f modules and detection heads of the bottom-up feature fusion layer.This innovative structure helped the model to better focus on the target area.The precision and robustness of oriented target detection were also improved.Experimental results on the DOTA-v1.5 dataset showed that the detection Precision,mAP@0.5,and mAP@0.5:0.95 metrics of the improved model are better compared to the original model.This improvement is effective in detecting small targets and complex scenes.

ANTI-ROTATION AND ANTI-SCALE IMAGE MATCHING ALGORITHM FOR NAVIGATION SYSTEM

Based on the inertial navigation system, the influences of the excursion of the inertial navigation system and the measurement error of the wireless pressure altimeter on the rotation and scale of the real image are quantitatively analyzed in scene matching. The log-polar transform （LPT） is utilized and an anti-rotation and anti- scale image matching algorithm is proposed based on the image edge feature point extraction. In the algorithm, the center point is combined with its four-neighbor points, and the corresponding computing process is put forward. Simulation results show that in the image rotation and scale variation range resulted from the navigation system error and the measurement error of the wireless pressure altimeter, the proposed image matching algo- rithm can satisfy the accuracy demands of the scene aided navigation system and provide the location error-correcting information of the system.

L( 1,2)-edge- labeling for necklaces

For a graph G and two positive integers j and k an m-L j k -edge-labeling of G is an assignment from the set 0 1 … m-to the edges such that adjacent edges receive labels that differ by at least j and edges at distance two receive labels that differ by at least k.Theλ′j k-number of G denoted byλ′j k G is the minimum integer m overall m-L j k -edge-labeling of G.The necklace is a specific type of Halin graph.The L 1 2 -edge-labeling of necklaces is studied and the lower and upper bounds on λ′1 2-number for necklaces are given.Also both the lower and upper bounds are attainable.

L(s,t) edge spans of trees and product of two paths

L（ s, t）-labeling is a variation of graph coloring which is motivated by a special kind of the channel assignment problem. Let s and t be any two nonnegative integers. An L （s, t）-labeling of a graph G is an assignment of integers to the vertices of G such that adjacent vertices receive integers which differ by at least s, and vertices that are at distance of two receive integers which differ by at least t. Given an L（s, t） -labeling f of a graph G, the L（s, t） edge span of f, βst （ G, f） = max { ｜f（u） -f（v）｜： （ u, v） ∈ E（G） } is defined. The L（ s, t） edge span of G, βst（G）, is minβst（G,f）, where the minimum runs over all L（s, t）-labelings f of G. Let T be any tree with a maximum degree of △≥2. It is proved that if 2s≥t≥0, then βst（T） =（ [△/2 ] - 1）t ＋s; if 0≤2s 〈 t and △ is even, then βst（T） = [ （△ - 1） t/2 ] ; and if 0 ≤2s 〈 t and △ is odd, then βst（T） = （△ - 1） t/2 ＋ s. Thus, the L（s, t） edge spans of the Cartesian product of two paths and of the square lattice are completely determined.

Edge span of L(d,1)-labeling on some graphs

Given a graph G and a positive integer d, an L( d, 1) -labeling of G is afunction / that assigns to each vertex of G a non-negative integer such that |f(u)-f (v) | >=d ifd_c(u, v) =1;|f(u)-f(v) | >=1 if d_c(u, v) =2. The L(d, 1)-labeling number of G, lambda_d(G) is theminimum range span of labels over all such labelings, which is motivated by the channel assignmentproblem. We consider the question of finding the minimum edge span beta_d( G) of this labeling.Several classes of graphs such as cycles, trees, complete k-partite graphs, chordal graphs includingtriangular lattice and square lattice which are important to a telecommunication problem arestudied, and exact values are given.

Integrated Method of Recognizing Huge Target

An integrated novel method of recognizing huge target is described that combines some relatively mature image processing techniques such as edge detection, thresholding, morphology, image segmentation and so forth. After thresholding the edge image obtained by using Sobel operator, erosion is firstly used to reduce noise and extrusive pixels; then dilation is used to expand some separated pixels into various regions, after that the image segmentation technique is utilized to distinguish the target region with a criterion. The location of the target is also offered. Each technique adopted herein seems not complicated at all, the experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the combination of these techniques. It is its high computational speed and remarkable robustness resulting from its simplicity that make the method promise to be applied in practical problems requiring real time processing.

AN APPLIED RESEARCH ON APPROACH OF DYADIC WAVELET TRANSFORM FOR REMOTE SENSING IMAGE EDGE DETECTION

In the edge detection of Remote Sensing (RS) image, the useful detail losing and the spurious edge often appear. To solve the problem, the authors uses the dyadic wavelet to detect the edge of surface features by combining the edge detecting with the multi-resolution analyzing of the wavelet transform. Via the dyadic wavelet decomposing, the RS image of a certain appropriate scale is obtained, and the edge data of the plane and the upright directions are respectively figured out, then the gradient vector module of the surface features is worked out. By tracing them, the authors get the edge data of the object, therefore build the RS image which obtains the checked edge. This method can depress the effect of noise and examine exactly the edge data of the object by rule and line. With an experiment of an RS image which obtains an airport, the authors certificate the feasibility of the application of dyadic wavelet in the object edge detection.

Edge detection based on object tree image representation and wavelet transform

In applications such as image retrieval and recognition, precise edge detection for interested regions plays a decisive role. Existing methods generally take little care about local characteristics, or become time consuming if every detail is considered. In the paper, a new method is put forward based on the combination of effective image representation and multiscale wavelet analysis. A new object tree image representation is introduced. Then a series of object trees are constructed based on wavelet transform modulus maxima at different scales in descending order. Computation is only needed for interested regions. Implementation steps are also given with an illustrative example.

The western South China Sea currents from measurements by Argo profiling floats during October to December 2007

The three dimensional structure of the western boundary current east of the Vietnam coast was determined from measurements by Argo profiling floats which deployed near the east of the Vietnam Coast in October 2007. The trajectories of the Argo floats provided robust evidence that there does exist southward flowing current along the Vietnam coast. The southward current begins at about 15°N, 111°E, flowing along the 1 000 m isobath and extending to 5°N south. The estimated surface and parking depth velocities obtained from the floats suggest that this southward current can extend to 1 000 m depth. The mean surface velocity of the western boundary current is about 49 cm/s, with the maximum speed exceeding 100 cm/s occurring at 11.6°N, 109.5°E in the direction of 245°. The mean parking depth （1 000 m） velocity is 12-16 cm/s with the maximum speed of 36 cm/s occurring at 12.1°N, 109.7°E in the direction of 239°. The water mass analysis suggests that the Kuroshio surface water and NPIW are not apparent in the western boundary current although this time was the favored season for the Kuroshio intrusion into Luzon Strait. The mean geostrophic currents suggest that the Kuroshio intrusion into Luzon Strait during October to December 2007 is very weak, as most of the intruding water was carried eastward at 14°N near the western boundary and little flowed southward along the western boundary, providing an explanation for the absence of Kuroshio surface water and NPIW in the water mass analysis. There is a strong cyclonic circulation in the SSCS during this time, which induces a strong mixing in the western boundary companied by a homogeneous salinity layer between 300 600 m in the salinity vertical distribution. No reversal undercurrent occurred at the intermediate depth along the western boundary east of the Vietnam coast during October to December 200%

High precision slope deformation monitoring model based on the GPS/Pseudolites technology in open-pit mine

As the number and geometric intensity of visual satellites are susceptible to large slopes in open-pit mines, we propose integration of GPS/Pseudolites (PLs) positioning technology which can increase the number of visible satellites, strengthen the geometric intensity of satellites and provide a precision solution for slope deformation monitoring. However, the un-modeled systematic errors are still the main limiting factors for high precision baseline solution. In order to eliminate the un-modeled systematic error, the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) theory is employed. The multi-scale decomposition and reconstruction architecture are defined here on the basis of the EMD theory and the systematic error mitigation model is demonstrated as well. A standard of the scale selection for the systematic error elimination is given in terms of the mean of the accumulated standardized modes. Thereafter, the scheme of the GPS/PLs baseline solution based on the EMD is suggested. The simulation and experiment results show that the precision factors (DOP) are reduced greatly when PLs is located suitably. The proposed scheme dramatically improves the reliability of ambiguity resolution and the precision of baseline vector after systematic error being eliminated, and provides an effective model for high precision slope deformation monitoring in open-pit mine.

Identifying Links between Ecosystem Services and Aboriginal Well-Being and Livelihoods in North Australia： Applying the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Framework

The livelihoods and well-being of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal communities in remote and rural northern Australia are dependent upon the ecosystem services provided by tropical ecosystems. The well-being of all Australian citizens is measured by the Australia Bureau of Statistics （ABS） using socio-economic indicators. In this study we investigated the importance of non-market benefits derived from ecosystem services for Aboriginal well-being. Through a case study with the Mullunburra-Yidinji people in the Wet Tropics, Queensland, we applied the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment （MA） framework to identify the links between ecosystem services and the MA＇s six constituents of human well-being. The study demonstrated that cultural and provisioning services were key determinants of community well-being, and these are not currently measured by the ABS. We adapt the MA framework to include the ABS indicators and explore the potential strengths and weaknesses of the approach for measuring the well-being of contemporary remote and rural Aboriginal communities.

Redesign of a conformal boundary recovery algorithm for 3D Delaunay triangulation

Boundary recovery is one of the main obstacles in applying the Delaunay criterion to mesh generation. A stan- dard resolution is to add Steiner points directly at the intersection positions between missing boundaries and triangulations. We redesign the algorithm with the aid of some new concepts, data structures and operations, which make its implementation routine. Furthermore, all possible intersection cases and their solutions are presented, some of which are seldom discussed in the litera- ture. Finally, numerical results are presented to evaluate the performance of the new algorithm.

Elastic simulation method in an irregular polar coordinate system

When simulating the propagation of seismic waves in some special structures,such as tunnels and boreholes,finite difference forward modeling in the polar system has higher accuracy than the traditional Cartesian system.In actual situations,the polar space is the most irregular.To solve this problem,a forward modeling method for an irregular polar coordinate system is proposed to improve the simulation accuracy.First,an irregular surface of the polar space was meshed into an irregular polar system.After the transformation,the undulating surface was mapped into a plane one,and the wavefield was then computed in an irregular polar system.The Lebedev staggered grid was used to solve the wave equations in the irregular polar system.In addition,the artificial absorption boundary,cylindrical free boundary,and circumferential boundary conditions were used to absorb the boundary reflection.We selected three polar space models to demonstrate the new method in this study.The results show that the proposed elastic simulation method in an irregular polar coordinate system can produce more accurate and stable simulation results when modeling seismic wave propagation in an irregular polar space.Elastic full waveform inversion further shows that the irregular polar system elastic simulation method can accurately simulate the wavefield in an undulating polar space.

Performance of Slope Behavior Indicators in Unsaturated Pyroclastic Soils

Landslide risk is increasing in many parts of the world due to growth of population and infrastructures. Therefore, an effort has to be made in developing new and cheap sensors for areas susceptible of landslides to continuously control the slope behaviour, until approaching failure conditions. The paper reported experimental data from smallscale physical models about the performance of Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR) and optical fibres, which act as the indicators of the incoming failure of slopes covered by unsaturated granular soils. Obtained results appear encouraging, since both sensors provide continuous information about the state of the slope, in terms of water content profiles and ongoing deformations, induced by rainwater infiltration, even immediately before the triggering of a fast landslide.

Back analysis for soil slope based on measuring inclination data

Based on the analysis of several objective functions,a new method was proposed.Firstly,the feature of the inclination curve was analyzed.On this basis,the soil could be divided into several blocks with different displacements and deformations.Then,the method of the soil division was presented,and the characteristic of single soil block was studied.The displacement of the block had two components:sliding and deformation.Moreover,a new objective function was constructed according to the deformation of the soil block.Finally,the sensitivities of the objective functions by traditional method and the new method were calculated,respectively.The result shows that the new objective function is more sensitive to mechanical parameters and the inversion result is close to that obtained by the large direct shear apparatus.So,this method can be used in slope back analysis and its effectiveness is proved.

Real edge spans of distance two labelings of graphs

An L（j, k）-labeling of a graph G is an assignment of nonnegative integers to the vertices of G such that adjacent vertices receive integers which are at least j apart, and vertices at distance two receive integers which are at least k apart. Given an L（j, k）-labeling f of G, define the L（j, k） edge span of f, βj,k（G,f） =max{ ｜f（x）-f（y）｜： {x,y}∈E（G）}. The L（j,k） edge span of G, βj,k （G） is min βj,k（ G, f）, where the minimum runs over all L（j, k）-labelings f of G. The real L（.j, k）-labeling of a graph G is a generalization of the L（j, k）-labeling. It is an assignment of nonnegative real numbers to the vertices of G satisfying the same distance one and distance two conditions. The real L（j, k） edge span of a graph G is defined accordingly, and is denoted by βj,k（G）. This paper investigates some properties of the L（j, k） edge span and the real L（j, k） edge span of graphs, and completely determines the edge spans of cycles and complete t-partite graphs.

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF A LINEARLY COMBINED ORDERED-STATISTIC DETECTORS UNDER POSTDETECTION INTEGRATION AND NONHOMOGENEOUS SITUATIONS

Several Constant False Alarm Rate （CFAR） architectures, where radar systems often employ them to automatically adapt the detection threshold to the local background noise or clutter power in an attempt to maintain an approximately constant rate of false alarm, have been recently proposed to estimate the unknown noise power level. Since the Ordered-Statistics （OS） based algorithm has some advantages over the Cell-Averaging （CA） technique, we are concerned here with this type of CFAR detectors. The Linearly Combined Ordered-Statistic （LCOS） processor, which sets threshold by processing a weighted ordered range samples within finite moving window, may actually perform somewhat better than the conventional OS detector. Our objective in this paper is to analyze the LCOS processor along with the conventional OS scheme for the case where the radar receiver incorporates a postdetection integrator amongst its contents and where the operating environments contain a number of secondary interfering targets along with the primary target of concern and the two target types fluctuate in accordance with the Swerling Ⅱ fluctuation model and to compare their performances under various operating conditions.

A refinement of scaling laws in wall turbulence

As a universal conclusion of turbulent scale, scaling laws are important to the research on statistic turbulence. We measured two-dimensional instantaneous velocity field in turbulent boundary layers of flat plate with the momentum thickness Reynolds number Reθ=2 167. Scaling laws have different forms in different wall distance and scale. We proposed an expected scaling law and compared it with the She-Leveque (SL) scaling law based on the wavelet analysis and traditional statistical methods. Results show that the closer to the wall, the more the expected scaling law approached to the SL scaling law.

On Wyner-Ziv Problem for general sources with average distortion criterion

The Wyner-Ziv Problem for general sources with average distortion under fixed-length coding is investigated in this paper. To solve the problem,an enhanced covering lemma for a Markov chain is first established. Then based on the lemma,a general formula for the rate-distortion function of the problem is derived,where the distortion is only assumed uniformly bounded and may be nonadditive. Finally,it is further pointed out that such methods can be used to establish more general results on multiterminal source coding problems.

Nutrients and Trace Elements in a Pig Farm in Beijing： Chinese and German Recommendations

Emergence of Chinese economy together with the current Livestock Revolution in Asia have led to an increase of meat demands, specially pork that is reflected in the growth of commercial pig farms in peri-urban areas of Beijing, capital of People＇s Republic of China. In the framework of the International Research Training Group and of the Sino-Project Recycling of Organic Residues from Agricultural and Municipal Origin in China, the status quo of a large pig farm is researched. The first phase of the project was focused on a detailed description of the nutrients and trace elements contained in the main inputs （water, feed） and outputs （manure, wastewater） of the pig farm. The compliance with the Chinese national standards or often referred to as GB standards （in Chinese ＂GuoBiao＂） and, current German recommendations were included. The analysis of nutrients and trace minerals followed the natural structure of the pig life cycle, i.e., gestation, farrowing, weaning and fattening. The main results showed that the pig drinking water met the recommendations for livestock drinking water, ground water and human drinking water. Concentrations of Zn, Cu, Mn and As in the pig feeds samples displayed higher values compared to the Chinese and German recommendations. Average values of trace elements in the pig manure did not surpass the Chinese and German recommendations of biowastes, however, some manure samples showed excessive concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn. Likewise, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn concentrations in the wastewater surpassed the recommendations for irrigation water.