欧元区核心国与边缘国分化及对我国“一带一路”战略的启示

核心国和边缘国的分化体现了空间范畴下经济一体化区域内的发展不平衡,欧债危机使欧元区成员国关系加速向"核心-边缘"模式分化,加大了危机解决的难度。本文重点研究欧盟特别是欧元区中核心国与边缘国的分化,发现边缘国的竞争力危机将使分化长期存在,未来如不能有效缩小这两类国家的差距,欧元区将面临崩溃的风险。因此,提升参与国竞争力,避免成员国之间的分化,保证各国平衡发展,是顺利推进一体化进程的前提,这对近年我国提出的"一带一路"一体化新模式的推进有启示和借鉴作用。

论世界中心—边缘结构中的智力依附——兼议边缘国知识分子的角色

在近代资本主义世界化进程中生成了中心—边缘结构,这一结构中不仅包含着边缘国对中心国的政治、经济、文化依附关系,而且,这些方面的依附也反映在或表现为或根植于智力依附。在边缘国对中心国的智力依附中,知识分子扮演了执行者的角色。虽然知识分子在"殖民地"、"民族国家独立运动"以及"和平发展"等不同时期所扮演的角色是不同的,但在边缘国对中心国的智力依附方面,都可以看到知识分子的身影。正是知识分子,成为边缘国对中心国智力依附的桥梁,或者说,边缘国的知识分子推动了和实施着其国家对中心国的智力依附。其实,出于国家和民族利益的需要,边缘国的知识分子应当实现理论的自觉,承担起摆脱"智力依附"的责任,努力在建立国家间平等的世界的进程中发挥应有的作用。

欧元区边缘国国债收益率走势、成因及前景

未来一段时间,欧洲边缘国的10年期国债收益率很可能保持攀升势头,欧洲边缘国与核心国的国债利差有可能在波动中进一步扩大。近期,欧洲主权债市场波动剧烈,意大利、希腊、葡萄牙、爱尔兰和西班牙等欧洲传统债务风险国的10年期国债收益率于6月冲高回落后,8月又重拾攀开势头。截至9月5日,上述五国10年期国债收益率较年初上升了194-298bp不等。

论世界的“中心—边缘”结构——读加尔通的《帝国主义的结构化理论》

在工业化和资本主义世界化的过程中,特别是当一个完整的国际社会出现后,世界就呈现出了一种"中心—边缘"结构。当今世界的国际秩序就是依据这一中心—边缘结构建立起来的。也正是这一"中心—边缘"结构,使"中心国"对"边缘国"的剥削可以持续地展开,也使边缘国的中心自愿充当将其边缘创造的剩余价值传送给中心国的"传送带"。"中心—边缘"结构是一个复合性的解释框架,是与工业社会的竞争—协作行动机制交合在一起的。资本主义精神是体现在竞争与协作之中的,但是,资本主义世界化却造就了中心—边缘结构,从而出现了竞争—协作与中心—边缘这两个既相联系又有区别的分析路径。加尔通的"中心—边缘"结构理论是基于道家的阴阳学说而建构起来的,他把"阳中有阴,阴中有阳"的思想贯穿到了对国际关系体系的分析中,展示了一幅辩证法的世界图景。但是,道家的阴阳观似乎也把加尔通引向了走火入魔的境地,使他在构想打破"中心—边缘"结构的方案时,无所建树。

“外包”能否碾平世界?——评弗里德曼的《世界是平的》

《世界是平的》的作者弗里德曼从全球跨国外包中解读出一个"平的世界"正在出现,认为外包引发了一场革命,而且这不仅是一场经济上的革命,也是一场社会的革命,是造就全球性自由和平等的重大革命。其实,在当今世界的中心—边缘结构中,外包只不过是资本主义世界化的一种新的表现形式,只是将一国内部的专业化、分工、比较优势论、竞争—协作等工业社会的逻辑推广到国际范围。跨国外包不仅是基于国际分工的一种利益分配机制,也是中心国以边缘国作为缓冲垫而实施的一种转嫁危机和应对危机的机制。就其本质而言,外包所包含的仍是中心国对边缘国的压迫和剥削,毫无平等可言,并不是——也不可能是——"碾平世界的动力"。外包所代表的国际分工新形式不仅没有带来"平的世界",反而巩固了世界的中心—边缘结构。因此,外包并不意味着中心国与边缘国的合作,而是中心国对边缘国实施奴役的新形式。

南大洋的海岸——逐步迈向具有现代性特质的世界社会学

本文通过探讨殖民及后殖民语境下的中心国/边缘国关系如何构造了19至20世纪的澳大利亚文学创作实践,指出现代性一直以来都是一个相互关联以及存在差异的整体,主张社会学研究应在世界范围内的相互关系框架中理解多元现代性,因为现代性的差异化方式必定会涉及权力,或者权力斗争和特权的延续。

Black carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of China’s marginal seas

This study investigates the distribution of black carbon （BC） and its correlation with total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （EPAH） in the surface sediments of China＇s marginal seas. BC content ranges from 〈0.10 to 2.45 mg/g dw （grams dry weight） in the sediments studied, and varied among the different coastal regions. The Bohai Bay sediments had the highest BC contents （average 2.18 mg/g dw）, which comprises a significant fraction （27%-41%） of the total organic carbon （TOC） preserved in the sediments. In comparison, BC in the surface sediments of the North Yellow Sea, Jiaozhou Bay, East China Sea and the South China Sea is less abundant and accounted for an average of 6%, 8%, 14% and 5%, respectively, of the sedimentary organic carbon pool. The concentration of EPAH in the surface sediments ranges from 41 to 3 667 ng/g dw and showed large spatial variations among the sampling sites of different costal regions. The Bohai Bay has the highest ZPAH values, ranging from 79 to 3 667 ng/g dw. This reflects the high anthropogenically contaminated nature of the sediments in the bay. BC is positively correlated to TOC but a strong correlation is not found between BC and ZPAH in the surface sediments studied, suggesting that BC and PAHs preserved in the sediments are derived from different sources and controlled by different biogeochemical processes. Our study suggests that the abundance of BC preserved in the sediments could represent a significant sink pool of carbon cycling in China＇s marginal seas.

Modeling Patch Characteristics of Farmland Loss for Site Assessment in Urban Fringe of Beijing, China

Farmland protection and delimitation in the urban fringe considers not only natural factors but also the spatial characters and site factors. Taking Daxing District, Beijing in China as a case study, this paper used landscape ecology and power-law methods to ana- lyze and evaluate farmland loss during the period of 2004~2007 based on the interpretation results of SPOT5 remote sensing images in 2004 and 2007. At the patch level, we selected four landscape indices, namely patch size, shape index, the nearest neighbor distance between farmland and construction land （including residential land and other construction land）, and cropping type, to evaluate the risk of farmland loss and establish a farmland site analysis indicator system. The results showed that patch size and shape index have a sig- nificant positive correlation with farmland loss, whereas the distance to construction land has a clear negative correlation with farmland loss. As regards cropping type, fallow farmland is much easier for non-agriculUlral use than cultivated farmland. The relative transition ratio among vegetable land, fallow farmland and cultivated farmland is 1 ： 5.6 ： 1. The patch size of lost farmland follows a power-law distribution, indicating that not only small parcels but also large parcels can be lost. Patch size less than 4 ha or more than 15 ha is in high loss risk, between 4 ha and 10 ha in medium loss risk, and larger than 10 ha and less than 15 ha in low risk. Farmland with a more regular shape has a higher likelihood of loss. Patch shape index less than 2.0 is in high loss risk, between 2.0 and 3.0 in medium loss risk, and larger than 3.0 in low risk. Construction land has a varying impact on farmland loss, the residential land effeeted distance is 1000 m, and that of the other construction land is 2000 m. This analysis showed the relationships between site factors and farmland loss, and the analysis framework can provide support and reference for farmland protection and delimitation of prime farmland in China.

The Catastrophic Effects of African Americans＇ Marginalisation in Ralph Ellison＇s Invisible Man and August Wilson＇s Fences： A Comparative Study

This paper explores Du Boisian notion of double consciousness and the notion of black nihilism suggested by Cornel West in Ralph Ellison＇s Invisible Man （1952） and August Wilson＇s Fences （1986）. In order to conduct this study, the researcher adopts African American approach and shows that double consciousness and black nihilism are the immediate effects of African Americans＇ marginalisation. According to W. E. B. Du Bois, all African Americans develop the sense of double consciousness which means being both African and American simultaneously. On the other hand, Cornel West believes that black Americans suffer from nihilism which means loss of hope and absence of meaning. The paper is an attempt to compare the novel Invisible Man and the play Fences thematically based on these two theories. It then looks to find the considerable similarities in the conditions of the protagonists of these two literary works. Although both protagonists migrate to the North to escape Southern racism in the era prior to the Civil Rights Movement, they become totally disillusioned, for they are treated as the invisible marginal. Interestingly though, at the end of both stories, there remains a ray of hope for reactivation and the creation of democracy for black Americans.

Evaluation of an ocean data assimilation system for Chinese marginal seas with a focus on the South China Sea

Data assimilation is a powerful tool to improve ocean forecasting by reducing uncertainties in forecast initial conditions.Recently,an ocean data assimilation system based on the ensemble optimal interpolation(EnOI) scheme and HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model(HYCOM) for marginal seas around China was developed.This system can assimilate both satellite observations of sea surface temperature(SST) and along-track sea level anomaly(SLA) data.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the system.Two experiments were performed,which spanned a 3-year period from January 1,2004 to December 30,2006,with and without data assimilation.The data assimilation results were promising,with a positive impact on the modeled fields.The SST and SLA were clearly improved in terms of bias and root mean square error over the whole domain.In addition,the assimilations provided improvements in some regions to the surface field where mesoscale processes are not well simulated by the model.Comparisons with surface drifter trajectories showed that assimilated SST and SLA also better represent surface currents,with drifter trajectories fitting better to the contours of SLA field than that without assimilation.The forecasting capacity of this assimilation system was also evaluated through a case study of a birth-and-death process of an anticyclone eddy in the Northern South China Sea(NSCS),in which the anticyclone eddy was successfully hindcasted by the assimilation system.This study suggests the data assimilation system gives reasonable descriptions of the near-surface ocean state and can be applied to forecast mesoscale ocean processes in the marginal seas around China.

Interdecadal variations of surface winds over China marginal seas

Long term variability in the surface winds over the marginal seas of China is examined with a dominant-mode singular value decomposition method. Both interannual and interdecadal patterns are found to be seasonally and spatially dependent, with reanalyses and satellite remote sensing data yielding highly consistent results. The study reveals that summer monsoon winds over the East China Sea experienced an interdecadal weakening in the late 1960s and began a persistent recovery in 2005. The study also shows gradual weakening of the winter monsoon in the southern South China Sea by more than 2m/s since the 1960s, with corroboration from coastal climate stations in Borneo. This phenomenon has not been reported in previous monsoon studies.

论普雷维什的“中心—边缘”思想——关于世界经济体系中不平等关系的一个分析框架

作为一位阿根廷经济学家,普雷维什见证了拉美经济在国际贸易体系中成长和衰败的过程。在拉美国家惨遭发达国家经济剥削和危机转嫁的过程中,普雷维什提出了"中心—边缘"思想,这是在痛定思痛中提出的分析框架和批判工具。虽然人类社会已经进入全球化进程,但是,作为批判工具的"中心—边缘"概念依然是一个认识和理解国际关系的有用视角。特别是在全球性金融危机以及欧洲债务危机之后,分析发展中国家经济低迷的原因,"中心—边缘"的概念有着独特的解释力。而且,从"中心—边缘"的概念出发,可以给予我们一种希望,那就是去积极地探索国家间和平共处、平等交往、共同发展的道路。其中打破"中心—边缘"结构是终结世界经济关系中一切剥削现象的必要前提。

Interannual variations of surface winds over China marginal seas

In a study of surface monsoon winds over the China marginal seas, Sun et al. （2012） use singular value decomposition method to identify regional dominant modes and analyze their interdecadal variability. This paper continues to evaluate the interannual variability of each dominant mode and its relation to various atmospheric, oceanic and land factors. The findings include： 1） The intensity of the winter monsoon over the East China Sea is highly correlated with the Siberian High intensity and anti-correlated with the latitudinal position of the Aleutian Low as well as the rainfall in eastern China, Korean Peninsula and Japan; 2） The western Pacific subtropical high is significantly correlated with the summer monsoon intensity over the East China Sea and anti-correlated with the summer monsoon over the South China Sea; 3） The winter monsoon in a broad zonal belt through the Luzon Strait is dominated by the ENSO signal, strengthening in the La Nifia phase and weakening in the E1 Nifio phase. This inverse relation exhibits interdecadal shift with a period of weak correlation in the 1980s; 4） Analysis of tidal records validates the interdecadal weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon and reveals an atmospheric bridge that conveys the ENSO signal into the South China Sea via the winter monsoon.

Stratigraphic framework of late Paleozoic in northeastern China

Late Paleozoic strata in northeastern China are distributed in a zonal pattern around the old-land on the Jiamusi-Mongolia Block. They are composed of active deposits in the regular distributed tectonic lithofacies zones. This indicates that the late Paleozoic strata belong to continental margin deposits. According to the strong conformability of the sedimentary strata in the same continental margin and distinct differences among the three continental margins, three stratigraphical regions of the Jiamusi-Mongolia Stratigraphical Province are recognized along the northern, southern and eastern margins of the Jiamusi-Mongolia Block, named respectively as Xing＇an Stratigraphical Region, Inner Mongolia grass-Songhua River Stratigraphical Region and Baoqing-Hunchun Stra- tigraphical Region. Due to the characteristics of continental margin deposits and active sediments, the strata can be correlated on the level of formation by the methods of analysing the rock association in the same stratigraphic region. Therefore, some revisions of the lithologieal formations of the late Paleozoic strata in northeastern China have been made, and a new chart of lithostratigraphic correlation has been proposed. Furthermore, the present stratigraphic framework is setting on the International Stratigraphic Chart on the level of stage, after comprehen- sive researches to lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy, especially the conodont biostratigra- phy and isotopic ages of volcanic rocks obtained in recent years.

Chinese Experiences in Addressing Rural Extreme Poverty and Marginalization

Seeking to alleviate and eradicate Bao （the minimum livelihood guarantee system） extreme povertY, the Chinese government has extended Di to the entire rural sector. It has also enhanced agricultural policies and strengthened its promotion of rural socioeconomic development. In more-developed regions of the country, the Di Bao program-in combination with integrated urban and rural social insurance and public services-has significantly reduced rates of poverty and financial vulnerability, and additional employment-promotion policies have created opportunities for Di Bao recipients to achieve incomes above the poverty-line. However, because of the high number of extremely poor households in disproportionately poor areas and the paucity of locally-available financial resources there, the intensity of intervention is still insufficient. Inadequate coordination of policies and shortcomings in the targeting of subsidies have resulted in both under-coverage and welfare-leakage as well. Consequently, in China＇s efforts to eradicate extreme poverty, increasing the effectiveness of poverty-reduction strategies in poor areas remains a key prioritY.

Advances in GDGT research in Chinese Marginal Seas: A review

Archaeal and bacterial glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers(GDGTs) play a unique role in discerning the biogeochemical processes and climate change in terrestrial(e.g. soil, peat, stalagmites, lakes, rivers, hot springs) and marine environments. Organic proxies based on GDGTs(e.g. TEX_(86), MBT/CBT and BIT) have made impressive applications in the open ocean and terrestrial environments. However, the applicability of these proxies in marginal seas has not been thoroughly evaluated, which is necessary given the complexity and dynamics of these systems, such as organic matter(OM) flux, hydrodynamic conditions, and human impact. This review aims to summarize recent studies of GDGTs and GDGT-based proxies in the Chinese marginal seas(CMS), which are characterized by diverse gradient in terrigenous supplies and ocean productivity and hold rich information on climate and sea level changes, ocean current dynamics, sedimentary evolution and biogeochemical processes.

High Precision Vertical Deflection Over China Marginal Sea and Global Sea Derived from Multi-Satellite Altimeter

On the basis of gravity field model （EIGEN_CG01C）, together with multi-altimeter data, the improved deflection of the vertical gridded in 2＇×2＇ in China marginal sea and gridded in 5＇×5＇ in the global sea was determined by using the weighted method of along-track least squares, and the accuracy is better than 1.2^# in China marginal sea. As for the quality of the deflection of the vertical, it meets the challenge for the gravity field of high resolution and accuracy, it shows that, compared with the shipboard gravimetry in the sea, the accuracy of the gravity anomalies computed with the marine deflection of the vertical by inverse Vening-Meinesz formula is 7.75 m.s ^-2.

Improving Gravity Anomalies Over China Marginal Sea from Retracked Geosat and ERS-1 Data

The quality of altimeter data and ocean tide model is critical to the recovery of coastal gravity anomalies. In this contribution, three retracking methods (threshold, improved threshold and Beta-5) are investigated with the aim of improving the altimeter data over a shallow water area. Comparison indicates that the improved threshold is the best retracking method over China Sea. Two ocean tide models, NAO99b and CSR4.0, are analyzed. Results show that different tide models used in the processing of altimeter data may result in differences more than 10 mGal in recovered coastal gravity anomalies. Also, NAO99b is more suitable than CSR4.0 over the shallow water area of China Sea. Finally, gravity anomalies over China Sea are calculated from retracked Geosat/GM and ERS-1/GM data by least squares collocation. Comparison with shipborne gravimetry data demonstrates that gravity anomalies from retracked data are significantly superior to those from non-retracked data. Our results have the same order as the other two altimeter-derived gravity models: Sandwell&Smith(V16) and DNSC08.

Cross-national Buddhism and Identity Construction in Ch＇oe Ch＇iwon＇s ＂Four Mountains Stele＂

This paper aims to evaluate how Chart Buddhism played a part in Buddhist discourses reflecting an increased sense of legitimacy in ninth-century East Asia. It may not surprise us that the sinicisation of Buddhism implies a process of identity construction to place China in the centre. Culture and religion joined together in this process, first in China and then in Korea. However, the location of centrality or marginality was not fixed in Buddhist ontology. Rather, innovative Buddhist intellects such as Ch＇oe Ch＇iwon （b. 857 A.D.） ventured to create a reversal of centre and margin. In Ch＇oe Ch＇iwon＇s inscriptions for four Korean Son schools （the total of nine schools are also known as nine mountains）, an attempt to supersede China through Chan Buddhism is conspicuous. It is particularly inter- esting to note that, in the context of the cross-border transmission of Buddhism, the mobility of ＂Chan patriarchs＂ was essential in maintaining the legitimacy and continuity. This characteristic of the mobility of Chan patriarchs is seen in the Korean masters depicted by Ch＇oe Ch＇iwon＇s, namely Chingam, Ranghye and Chijong.

Human Rights as Placeholders

Two prevailing ＂traditional＂ notions of human rights also cause the current skeptical mood concerning human rights. Either human rights are seen in a morally exaggerated way as ＂trump cards＂ in political negotiations, or they are pruned back to a purely juridical level, absorbed into legal instances that accord them at most the rank of constitutional rights. In contrast to this, the author defends a political conception of human rights that overcomes the problems besetting both conceptions, but without having to sacrifice their critical, normative content or a realistic role for human rights in international politics. A political conception of human rights assumes, the author argues firstly, that human rights grow out of concrete experiences of injustice and are the product of political struggles. Human rights are, secondly, placeholders for the public thematization of oppression, humiliation, marginalization, and despotism. A third characteristic feature of a political conception of human rights is that human rights raise claims to a rule system that permits access to the freedoms and resources formulated by human rights. And finally, the obligations imposed by human rights are not duties of assistance but institutional duties to realize the conditions for exercising human rights. Human rights, the author concludes, can be ＂used＂ by any person to criticize existing ordering structures and can be activated for political purposes directed to the common good.