Radiolarian biogeography in surface sediments of the Northwest Pacific marginal seas

Overall abundance and species composition of radiolarian faunas were analyzed in surface sediment samples from representative areas of South China Sea,East China Sea,Sea of Japan,Sea of Okhotsk,Bering Sea,Philippine Sea,and the western boundary current regions of the NorthPacific,in order to understand the biogeographic distribution of radiolarians in the Northwest Pacific and explore its relationship with the main environmental factors and the North Pacific circulation.The results showed that radiolarians in the Northwest Pacific surface sediments can be divided into two large biogeographic provinces—cluster A and cluster B.Cluster A is characterized by the dominance of warm-water species and distributed primarily in tropical and subtropical seas with high radiolarian abundance and diversity;whereas cluster B is predominated by cold water species and distributed mainly in the Arctic and subarctic seas with comparably low abundance and diversity.Cluster A is further divided into five subclusters,Al to A5,which correspond to East China Sea,Philippine Sea,South China Sea,Sea of Japan,and Kuroshio Current,respectively;cluster B is divided into three subclusters,B1 to B3,which correspond to Sea of Okhotsk,Bering Sea,and subarctic gyre area,respectively.Based on the relationships between radiolarian faunas and major environment parameters in different biogeographic provinces,we suggest that the sea surface temperature(SST) and sea surface salinity(SSS) are primary factors that influence productivity,composition,and distribution pattern of the radiolarian fauna in the Northwest Pacific regions,while water depth is likely responsible for regional differences in the radiolarian fauna in each marginal sea.In addition,according to the distribution and abundance patterns of common radiolarian species in different areas,we identified five special radiolarian assemblages,which may be used as indicators for main Kuroshio Current,Kuroshio-East China Sea Branch,Kuroshio-South China Sea Branch,Tsushima Current,and Oyashio Current water masses.

Improving Gravity Anomalies Over China Marginal Sea from Retracked Geosat and ERS-1 Data

The quality of altimeter data and ocean tide model is critical to the recovery of coastal gravity anomalies. In this contribution, three retracking methods (threshold, improved threshold and Beta-5) are investigated with the aim of improving the altimeter data over a shallow water area. Comparison indicates that the improved threshold is the best retracking method over China Sea. Two ocean tide models, NAO99b and CSR4.0, are analyzed. Results show that different tide models used in the processing of altimeter data may result in differences more than 10 mGal in recovered coastal gravity anomalies. Also, NAO99b is more suitable than CSR4.0 over the shallow water area of China Sea. Finally, gravity anomalies over China Sea are calculated from retracked Geosat/GM and ERS-1/GM data by least squares collocation. Comparison with shipborne gravimetry data demonstrates that gravity anomalies from retracked data are significantly superior to those from non-retracked data. Our results have the same order as the other two altimeter-derived gravity models: Sandwell&Smith(V16) and DNSC08.