哀牢山北段大中山候鸟聚集地秋季夜间迁徙鸟类多样性

环志是研究迁徙鸟类的重要途径。云南省哀牢山北段大中山是鸟类迁徙的重要通道,但缺乏具体的研究数据。1997年、2010年和2011年秋季夜间迁徙鸟类环志研究的结果表明,哀牢山北段大中山捕获到的夜间鸟类有108种2330只,分属10目24科。其中,以雀形目鸟类为主,占总捕获数量的78.3%,捕获优势种为树鹨(占捕获数量的16.95%)、红喉姬鹟(13.39%)、红尾伯劳(9.83%)、红喉歌鸲(8.71%)和栗鹀(4.80%);水禽占捕获鸟类总种数的16.7%,与云南其他地点的研究结果相似。由于水禽是传播禽流感的主要载体,候鸟聚集地存在传播禽流感的风险,春季也有候鸟翻越哀牢山,因此有必要开展春季鸟类环志工作。

网捕法和观察法在夜间迁徙鸟群落调查中的差异——以云南洱源鸟吊山为例

许多鸟类,特别是小型鸟类常在夜间迁徙,在秋季大量聚集在迁徙通道山区垭口。已有的针对垭口的夜间迁徙鸟研究多利用灯光诱捕法进行,但这种方法可能会忽略飞行高度较高、难以被捕捉的物种。因此在2018年9月30日—10月6日,本研究同时利用网捕法和观察法在云南洱源鸟吊山垭口进行夜间迁徙鸟调查,比较2种方法调查的鸟类在时间分布、体型和食性上的差异。调查共记录鸟类12178只,隶属于9目20科56种,优势物种为红喉姬鹟Ficedula albicilla、树鹨Anthus hodgsoni和红喉歌鸲Calliope calliope。网捕法和观察法的鸟类在时间段、体长和食性上都有显著的差异,这可能与凌晨有大群的鸟类从高处飞过未被捕捉有关。网捕法不能完整反映夜间迁徙鸟类的组成,建议在以后的调查中结合观察法进行调查。

试论记录片《鸟的迁徙》的叙事结构与策略

雅克.贝汉拍摄的《鸟的迁徙》围绕"迁徙"这一中心,艺术的再现了鸟儿的迁徙生活,其思想和观念的表达正是在叙事结构、叙事策略及影像组接过程中展现的,不仅体现了创作者对于现实的洞察和理解,更是一种价值观念的体现,无疑可以成为纪录片在客观真实纪录之上追求结构叙事、结构策略的成功案例。

让心随眼睛飞翔——浅谈记录片《鸟的迁徙》的审美接受

本文结合视觉文化的有关知识和接受美学的一些观点对《鸟的迁徙》的审美接受作了简单分析，将其分为调整审美心态、解读体会作品和理性审视三个阶段，并对各阶段作了简要阐述。

海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林林下鸟类群落研究

从 2 0 0 0年 5月到 2 0 0 2年 3月 ,用网捕法对海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林 (包括原始林和次生林 )林下鸟群落进行研究。共张网 3 992 .7网· h,捕到林下鸟 3 12只 40种 ,隶属于 6个目 11个科。林下鸟群落虽然以小于 2 5g重的雀形目鸟类占优势 ,但许多个体较大的非雀形目鸟类也到林下活动 ,最大个体重达 3 70 g,大于 10 0 g重的个体占整个林下鸟生物量的比例较大。尖峰岭热带山地雨林中的林下鸟以食虫鸟为主 ,食虫鸟占整个林下鸟种数的 70 .0 %、鸟数量的 77.56% ;食果鸟虽然占第 2位 ,但其所占比例较小。林下鸟的种类组成和密度存在季节变化。留鸟是林下鸟最重要的成分 ,留鸟占鸟类种类的比例超过 85% ,留鸟的捕获数量占整个捕获鸟类数量的比例超过 90 % ;迁徙鸟的种类和数量均较少 ,对林下鸟群落的季节变化影响不大。原始林与演替 40 a后的次生林林下鸟平均网捕率相近但林下鸟群落种类组成不同 ,其种的相似性仅为 0 .3 5。

1986—1987年中国鸟类环志研究概况

中国自83年开始有组织进行候鸟环志研究到87年为止,累计共建环志站点45处,总计环志鸟类184种37814只。86—87年环志鸟达25646只,其中猛禽占22%,为突出特点。同时回收到国内环志鸟88只,国内环志的白枕鹤、斑头雁和灰翅鸫分别在日本、印度和朝鲜回收。国外环志鸟仍以苏联的鸥、澳大利亚的鸻鹬为最多,突出特点为回收到欧洲东向迁徙的亚洲第2号记录——白腰朱顶雀。全国鸟类环志学家,根据不同需要对不同濒危或优势鸟种开展了多方面的迁徙规律研究已大多均获结果。环志中心还进一步加强了与国际间合作和交流活动,组织了中、日和中美交流活动派遣人员去日、香港、西德、美国等地区考察交流。同期环志中心聘请了鸟类学会理事长钱燕文先生等10位鸟学家为科技顾问,全国各地中小学生物教师近600人,协助全国环志研究工作的开展有力的促进了全国鸟类环志研究工作。1986年7月环志中心出版了中国第一本环志年鉴,供国内外鸟学家参考。

城市绿地作为迁徙陆鸟中途停歇地的栖息地质量及其受留野措施的影响

当前全球候鸟的种群数量正普遍下降,迫切需要采取有效的保护措施。多种候鸟,特别是迁徙陆鸟,会利用城市绿地作为中途停歇地进行能量补给。鉴于全球范围内城市化进程还将持续,如果城市绿地能为迁徙陆鸟提供高质量的中途停歇地,将给迁徙陆鸟保护带来重大机遇。实现这个愿景的一个关键基础,是准确评估城市绿地作为这些鸟类中途停歇地的栖息地质量(包括在特定的绿地建设与管理措施下)。本研究从能量补给条件的视角出发,以体重增长率为指标,利用鸟类环志数据评估了北京翠湖国家城市湿地公园作为迁徙陆鸟中途停歇地的栖息地质量。研究还聚焦留野(即停止或减少园林养护操作,降低对自然演替的干预)这一广受提倡的“生物多样性友好型”绿地管理措施,探究了该措施对迁徙陆鸟中途停歇地栖息地质量的提升成效。在分析的所有“迁徙陆鸟物种-春/秋季”的组合中,大部分都表现出显著大于0的体重增长率,表明翠湖湿地公园能为多种不同生态需求的迁徙陆鸟提供能量补给条件。但是,总体而言留野措施对能量补给条件的影响并不明显,仅有2个“物种-季节”组合显示留野有提升能量补给条件的迹象。

世界文学、生态文学与我

本文从笔者和世界文学之间的关系出发,提出生态文学长久以来是世界文学中的一个重要部分,现在在持续发展着,并有着可期的潜力。生态文学的正常与良性发展必将为世界文学添砖加瓦,为维持以及促进世界文学的发展贡献自己的力量。本文以法国电影生态纪录片《鸟的迁徙》为经典范例,对影片中鸟类在迁徙前作准备的情景进行解说和诠释,并主要围绕有关这部电影的四个问题进行探讨和论述,表达笔者的相关思考、观点与感悟。本文希望以点及面,通过对《鸟的迁徙》的探讨与论述,帮助我们能对当代优秀的世界文学中的生态领域有所认知,启发我们注意到与世界级文学、世界优秀文学等重要特点与素养相通的方面。

Fuel load and flight ranges of blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla in northern Iberia during autumn and spring migrations

Fuel accumulation, mainly as fatty acids, is one of the main characteristics of migratory, birds. Studying to what extent each population or species manages fuel load and how it varies along routes of migration or between seasons （autumn and spring migrations） is crucial to our understanding of bird migration strategies. Our aim here was to analyse whether migratory blackcaps Sylvia atrieapilla passing through northern Iberia differ in their mean fuel loads, rate of fuel accumulation and ＇ potential＇ flight ranges between migration seasons. Blackcaps were mist netted for 4 h-periods beginning at dawn from 16 September to 15 November 2003 - 2005, and from 1 March to 30 April 2004 - 2006 in a European Atlantic hedgerow at Loza, northern Iberia. Both fuel load and fuel deposition rate （this latter assessed with difference in body mass of within-season recaptured individuals） were higher in autumn than in spring. Possible hypotheses explaining these results could be seasonal-associated variations in food availability （likely lower during spring than during autumn）, the fact that a fraction of the migrants captured in spring could breed close to the study area and different selective pressures for breeding and wintering

Close Relationship between the 2009 H1N1 Virus and South Dakota AIV Strains

Although previous publications suggest the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus was reassorted from swine viruses of North America and Eurasia,the immediate ancestry still remains elusive due to the big evolutionary distance between the 2009 H1N1 virus and the previously isolated strains. Since the unveiling of the 2009 H1N1 influenza,great deal of interest has been drawn to influenza,consequently a large number of influenza virus sequences have been deposited into the public sequence databases. Blast analysis demonstrated that the recently submitted 2007 South Dakota avian influenza virus strains and other North American avian strains contained genetic segments very closely related to the 2009 H1N1 virus,which suggests these avian influenza viruses are very close relatives of the 2009 H1N1 virus. Phylogenetic analyses also indicate that the 2009 H1N1 viruses are associated with both avian and swine influenza viruses circulating in North America. Since the migrating wild birds are preferable to pigs as the carrier to spread the influenza viruses across vast distances,it is very likely that birds played an important role in the inter-continental evolution of the 2009 H1N1 virus. It is essential to understand the evolutionary route of the emerging influenza virus in order to find a way to prevent further emerging cases. This study suggests the close relationship between 2009 pandemic virus and the North America avian viruses and underscores enhanced surveillance of influenza in birds for understanding the evolution of the 2009 pandemic influenza.

Arctic spring: the arrival biology of migrant birds

On arrival in the Arctic, migrant birds must adjust their physiology and behavior to unpredictable snow cover, weather, food sources and predator pressure. In other words they must be resistant to environmental perturbations (stress) so that they can migrate to their tundra nesting areas and settle on territories as soon as possible. They can then begin breeding as soon as when environmental conditions become favorable. They do this partly by using micro-habitats such as areas where snow depth is low, and patches of tundra that melt out rapidly (especially near willows Salix sp). Ground temperatures increase dramatically within hours after exposure to sun; and invertebrate activity begins simultaneously. Wind speeds are attenuated almost completely within 10 cm of the ground in willows and tussock tundra. The combination of these conditions provides an ideal refuge, especially for passerine migrants in early spring. However, if conditions worsen, the birds can leave. There are adjustments of the adrenocortical responses to stress because arctic conditions in spring are potentially severe, at least compared with wintering grounds to the south. Secretion of corticosterone in response to acute stress is enhanced at arrival in males, accompanied by a decrease in sensitivity to negative feedback and a change in responsiveness of the adrenal cortex cells to adrenocorticotropin. There is also an increase in levels of corticosterone-binding globulin (CBG) so that the actions of corticosterone are buffered according to the severity of environmental conditions. Regulation at the level of genomic receptors, particularly the low affinity glucocorticosteroid-like receptor for corticosterone in brain and liver, may be important; and non-genomic actions of corticosterone may play a major role too. In other words, the hormone-behavior system associated with arrival biology is highly flexible.

基于MaxEnt模型分析广东省鸟类多样性热点分布及保护空缺

随着环境问题日益突出,生物多样性也面临着挑战。广东省丰富的水土资源孕育了大量的生物物种,然而快速的城市扩张又对生物多样性的保护带来了一定的压力。明确广东省生物多样性保护空缺,以便在未来城市规划布局中更好地实施保护,缓解城市发展与生态保护之间的矛盾。空间分布格局是生物多样性保护规划的基础,本文以全国第二次陆生野生动物资源调查鸟类数据为基础,基于MaxEnt模型进行空间化(空间分辨率为100 m×100 m),通过识别热点地区,并与现有国土规划中三条管控线对比,识别保护空缺。本文主要有以下结果:(1)广东省建模鸟类共有13目45科173种,其空间丰富度格局主要呈三片区分布:(1)南岭片区;(2)粤东片区;(3)江门、阳江、云浮片区;(2)影响鸟类空间格局的环境因子在不同物种间差异明显,总体来看土地利用类型、高程、年均温度差等因素占主导地位;(3)保护鸟类与全部鸟类的热点地区分布相似,但空间上更为聚集,两者的空间重叠率达63.0%,主要分布于南岭片区、粤东片区;(4)留鸟类和迁徙鸟类的热点地区存在明显空间差异,重叠区域仅25.3%,留鸟类分布相对靠北而迁徙鸟类相对趋南;(5)鸟类热点分区统计对比中,与永久基本农田的重叠率明显高于生态保护红线,极少量分布于城镇开发边界内部,全部鸟类、保护鸟类、留鸟类、迁徙鸟类均存在明显的保护空缺。本研究得到了精细尺度下鸟类多样性空间分布格局与保护空缺结果,为城镇开发边界、永久基本农田、生态保护红线三条控制线内的生物多样性分区保护、管控政策实施提供了有效支撑,为广东省的生物多样性保护、生态规划调整提供了有益参考。

Wuliangsuhai Wetlands: A Critical Habitat for Migratory Water Birds

Wuliangsuhai wetland is one of the representative wetlands in arid-semiarid region. It is also a key breeding site as well as a stepping site for both East Asia-Australasia Flyway and Central Asia Flyway. From 2009 to 2012, surveys on migratory water birds and their habitat were carried out by using transects census and spot count methods. The surveys recorded more than 100 000 water birds, and 98 species were identified, which belong to 6 orders and 14 families. Among the 98 species, 55 are summer residents （breeding here） and 39 are travelers （only stay here shortly）, which account for 56.12% and 39.80% of the total recorded bird species respectively. Further analysis on their migration pattern shows that spring migration is mainly from early March to mid May, which is shorter than autumn migration season （from early August to mid November）. Most of the summer residents breed from early April to late May. High concentration of key protected species were observed from early April to early May and from early September to early November. The bird community structure is relatively stable in summer, but much more dynamic during the migration seasons （spring and autumn）. Based on the study, recommendation to nominate Wuliangsuhai wetlands as Ramsar site, and flyway network site were put forward. Habitat management that address to the environmental determinants on bird distribution was also discussed.

Wind effects on the migration routes of trans-Saharan soaring raptors： geographical, seasonal, and interspecific variation

Wind is among the most important environmental factors shaping birds＇ migration patterns. Birds must deal with the displacement caused by crosswinds and their behavior can vary according to different factors such as flight mode, migratory season, experience, and distance to goal areas. Here we analyze the relationship between wind and migratory movements of three raptor species which migrate by soaring-gliding flight： Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus, booted eagle Aquila pennata, and short-toed snake eagle Circaetus gallicus. We analyzed daily migratory segments （i.e., the path joining consecutive roosting locations） using data recorded by GPS satellite telemetry. Daily movements of Egyptian vultures and booted eagles were significantly affected by tailwinds during both autumn and spring migrations. In contrast, daily movements of short-toed eagles were only significantly affected by tailwinds during autumn migration. The effect of crosswinds was signifi- cant in all cases. Interestingly, Egyptian vultures and booted eagles showed latitudinal differences in their behavior： both species compensated more frequently at the onset of autumn migration and, at the end of the season when reaching their wintering areas, the proportion of drift segments was higher. In contrast, there was a higher drift at the onset of spring migration and a higher compensation at the end. Our results highlight the effect of wind patterns on the migratory routes of soaring raptors, with different outcomes in relation to species, season, and latitude, ultimately shaping the loop migration patterns that current tracking techniques are showing to be widespread in many long distance migrants.

Improving the quantification of waterfowl migration with remote sensing and bird tracking

Accurately quantifying waterfowl migration patterns is pertinent to monitor ecosystem health and control bird-borne infectious diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the environmental mechanisms that drive waterfowl migration and then investigate the effect of intra- and inter-annual change in food supply and temperature(e.g., climate change) on their migration patterns. Recent advances in remote sensing and animal tracking techniques make it possible to monitor these environmental factors over a wide range of scales and record bird movements in detail. The synergy of these techniques will facilitate substantial progress in our understanding of the environmental drivers of bird migration. We identify prospects for future studies to test existing hypotheses and develop models integrating up-todate knowledge, high-resolution remote sensing data and high-accuracy bird tracking data. This will allow us to predict when waterfowl will be where, in response to shortand long-term global environmental change.

Trans-Gulf of Mexico loop migration of tree swallows revealed by solar geolocation

One of the greatest feats of avian migration is the non-stop crossing of extensive areas of inhospitable habitat such as deserts and seas. Differences in spring and autumn migration routes have been reported in species that cross such barriers, and are thought to have evolved in response to seasonal variation in prevailing wind direction. We tested the hypothesis that migration routes vary seasonally with respect to the Gulf of Mexico in the tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor using solar geolocators attached and retrieved at 4 breeding sites in central North America. We found that 100 % of birds （n = 10） made a trans-Gulf flight of 〉850 km from Louisiana south to their wintering grounds in the Yucatan Peninsula in 12-36 hours, achieving minimum ground speeds as high as 32 m/s. Although most days during autumn migration were characterized by unfavorable headwinds blowing to the northwest, migration over the Gulf mostly occurred on days with strong winds blowing to the south. In contrast, in 8 of 9 （88 %） birds on spring migration returned from the wintering grounds towards Louisiana following a clockwise loop pat- tern flying over land to the west around the Gulf. During this spring period there were few days with prevailing winds from the south to assist northward migration. Results suggest that, despite being up to three times further （ca. 2,700 kin）, a coastal circum-Gulf spring migration represents the less risky route when wind conditions are not favorable. These findings also help to resolve a long-standing dispute in the literature concerning migration patterns between the US Gulf coast and Mexico, and provide insight into the factors shaping migration strategies of small songbirds migrating across large bodies of water [Current Zoology 60（5）： 653-559, 2014].

Individual consistency and sex differences in migration strategies of Scopoli＇s shearwaters Calonectris diomedea despite year differences

Recently-developed capabilities for tracking the movements of individual birds over the course of a year or longer has provided increasing evidence for consistent individual differences in migration schedules and destinations. This raises questions about the relative importance of individual consistency versus flexibility in the evolution of migration strategies, and has implications for the ability of populations to respond to climatic change. Using geolocators, we tracked the migrations of Scopoli＇s shearwaters Calonectris diomedea breeding in Linosa （Italy） across three years, and analysed timing and spatial aspects of their movements. Birds showed remarkable variation in their main wintering destination along the western coast of Africa. We found significant individual consistency in the total distance traveled, time spent in transit, and time that individuals spent in the win- tering areas. We found extensive sex differences in scheduling, duration, distances and destinations of migratory journeys. We also found sex differences in the degree of individual consistency in aspects of migration behaviour. Despite strong evidence for individual consistency, which indicates that migration journeys from the same bird tended to be more similar than those of dif- ferent birds, there remained substantial intra-individual variation between years. Indeed, we also found clear annual differences in departure dates, return dates, wintering period, the total distance traveled and re^rn routes from wintering grounds back to the colony. These findings show that this population flexibly shifts migration schedules as well as routes between years in response to direct or indirect effects of heterogeneity in the environment, while maintaining consistent individual migration strategies [Current Zoology 60 （5）： 631-641, 2014].

Revealing the control of migratory fueling： An integrated approach combining laboratory and field studies in northern wheatears Oenanthe oenanthe

Migratory birds rely on fueling prior to migratory flights. Fueling in migrants is controlled by intrinsic as well as ex- trinsic factors. From captive studies we have started understanding the internal mechanisms controlling bird migration. Field studies have demonstrated the effects of external factors, such as food availability, weather, competitors, parasites or diseases, on the stopover behavior of migrants. However, an integrated approach is still missing to study coherently how the innate migration program interacts with the varying environmental cues and to estimate the contribution of the innate migration program and the environment to realized migration. The northern wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe offers a unique opportunity for integrated studies. It breeds across almost the whole Holarctic with just a ＂gap＂ between eastern Canada and Alaska. All breeding populations over- winter in sub-Saharan Africa which makes the northern wheatear one of the most long-distant migratory songbirds with extraor- dinary long non-stop flights across oceans. It is a nocturnal migrant which travels without parental or social aid/guidance. Thus, young birds rely entirely on endogenous mechanisms of timing, route selection and fueling on their first outbound migration. By establishing indoor housing under controlled conditions the endogenous control mechanisms of northern wheatear migration could be revealed. At the same time, environmental factors controlling fueling could be investigated in the field. On migration wheatears occur in a variety of habitats with sparse vegetation where their stopover behavior could be quantitatively studied in the light of ＂optimal migration＂ theory by the use of remote balances, radio-tagging and even experimentally manipulated food availability. The present paper summarizes our approach to understand the control of migration in northern wheatears by combin- ing field and laboratory studies at various spatial and temporal scales, and linking various sub-disciplines .

Spring and autumn migration of the red-breasted flycatcher through the Kizilirmak delta, Turkey

The red-breasted flycatcher Ficedula parva is a small passerine bird that breeds in Eastern Europe and across central Asia and winters on the Indian subcontinent. Birds from the western extreme of the breeding range migrating to and from the wintering grounds utilise a large longitudinal component en route that is not typical of the majority of European passerines. Therefore, it is one of the lesser-known species in Europe with respect to migration and biometrics. The aim of this study is to describe the numbers, phenology and biometry of the red-breasted flycatcher in relation to age, sex and migration season at a stopover site in northern Turkey. The number of individuals ringed in autumn was six times higher than in the spring passage. Furthermore, the period of the spring passage was shorter than in autumn, and in spring males migrate six days earlier than fe- males and juveniles; no such differences were found in antumn. Moreover, migrants carried more fuel reserves in spring than in autumn and no differences were recorded in the length of stopover duration. The study underlines the importance of further re- search into passerine migration across Turkey to better understand the whole migratory system of movements of the Palaearctic migratory passerine populations