赣南客家地区的同宗过房与异姓过继——以民间过继文书为中心

赣南客家地区过继类型可分为同宗过房和异姓过继两大类。同宗过房又可细分为虚拟过房、一子顶两房、过房三个小类。过房、过继实质是一种收养行为,主要是为了延续香火,而虚拟过房本质上是一种转移命相习俗,异姓过继则是一种买卖行为。赣南地区历史上疾疫、地方动乱频发,导致男嗣夭、折、殇比例居高不下,而传统的传宗继祀观念却根深蒂固,并且无子家庭在现实生活中也面临养老送终、财产继承等现实问题和亲情隔断等无形压力,形成过房、过继之风尤盛。由此,折射出客家文化以汉族文化为主体,又具有比较鲜明的《巫文化》色彩的特点。

宗族谱系建构的理想与困境:以宁都洲塘张氏宗族“过房”为例

"过房"在宗族组织中是常用的一种继嗣手段,其理想是使每个房派都能够历代相传,对整个宗族而言,其核心是需要确保长房永续相传。当这一宗族世系理想模型无法为继时,便要不断调整适应新的现实。从宗族"过房"案例来看,总会有无心的"过房"使得宗族从此大发展,也会有出于精心安排的"过房"劳而无功。在面对现实问题时,理想的宗族谱系无法建构起来时便只好退而求其次。

大理观音塘“过房寿”仪式调查

过房寿,是大理白族房屋盖成后酬谢土神的一种祭祀形式,俗称"过房子生日",又称"安龙奠土"。通过对"过房寿"仪式的考察,可以看到白族的多元宗教信仰以及对祖先的敬重等。

Thiopurine use associated with reduced B and natural killer cells in inflammatory bowel disease

To identify which blood and mucosal lymphocyte populations are specifically depleted by thiopurine use in vivo.METHODSThe thiopurines azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine have been a mainstay of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy for decades, but their mechanism of action in vivo remains obscure. Although thiopurines are lymphotoxic at high doses, and have been reported to cause T cell apoptosis in vitro, their ability to control IBD at lower doses suggests that they may selectively deplete particular lymphocyte populations. Blood cells from 19 IBD patients on a thiopurine, 19 IBD patients not on a thiopurine, and 38 matched healthy control subjects were analyzed by multiple multi-color flow cytometry panels to quantify the immune cell subsets contained therein, both as a percent of cells, and as an absolute cell count. Similar analyses were performed on colon biopsies from 17 IBD patients on a thiopurine, 17 IBD patients not on a thiopurine, and 49 healthy screening colonoscopy recipients.RESULTSComplete blood counts revealed lower lymphocyte, but not monocyte or granulocyte, counts in IBD patients who were taking thiopurines at the time of sampling. This reduction was restricted to CD3-negative lymphocytes, wherein both natural killer (NK) and B cells were significantly reduced among thiopurine recipients. Among CD19+ B cells, the transitional B cells were particularly depleted, being nearly absent in both blood and colon biopsies of thiopurine recipients. No differences were associated with thiopurine use in CD8+ T cells, mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, gamma/delta T cells, Th1, Th17, regulatory T cells (Tregs) or naïve CD4+ T cells. However, patients with IBD had significantly more circulating FOXP3+, Helios+ Tregs and fewer iNKT and MAIT cells than healthy controls.CONCLUSIONThiopurine use is associated with reduced B and NK cell, but not T cell, subpopulations in the blood of IBD patients.

Autophagic cell death induced by reactive oxygen species is involved in hyperthermic sensitization to ionizing radiation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells

AIM To investigate whether autophagic cell death is involved in hyperthermic sensitization to ionizing radiation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, and to explore the underlying mechanism.METHODS Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells were treated with hyperthermia and ionizing radiation. MTT and clonogenic assays were performed to determine cell survival. Cell autophagy was detected using acridine orange staining and flow cytometric analysis, and the expression of autophagy-associated proteins, LC3 and p62, was determined by Western blot analysis. Intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS) were quantified using the fluorescent probe DCFH-DA.RESULTS Treatment with hyperthermia and ionizing radiation significantly decreased cell viability and surviving fraction as compared with hyperthermia or ionizing radiation alone. Cell autophagy was significantly increased after ionizing radiation combined with hyperthermia treatment, as evidenced by increased formation of acidic vesicular organelles, increased expression of LC3 II and decreased expression of p62. Intracellular ROS were also increased after combined treatment with hyperthermia and ionizing radiation. Pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine, an ROS scavenger, markedly inhibited the cytotoxicity and cell autophagy induced by hyperthermia and ionizing radiation.CONCLUSION Autophagic cell death is involved in hyperthermic sensitization of cancer cells to ionizing radiation, and its induction may be due to the increased intracellular ROS.

Radiofrequency ablation of atrial tachycardia in patients with repaired atrial septal defect

Objective:To evaluate the electrophysiological characteristics and radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia (AT) in patients with repaired atrial septal defects(ASD). Methods: In 76 consecutive patients with AT who underwent the electrophysiological study and radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). 4 patients (one male and three female aged 35. 5±11. 5 years) had AT-related myocardial scar or incision. Earliest activation combined with entrainment mapping was adopted to determine a critical isthmus. Results: Re-entry related to the lateral atriotomy scar was inducible in 3 of 4 patients. With en-trainment mapping, the PPI-TCL difference was <30 ms when pacing at the inferior margins of the right lateral atriotomy scar. Among them, 2 patients had successful linear ablation between scar area to inferior vena cava, and 1 patient between scar areas to tricuspid annulus. Re-entry involving an ASD patch was demonstrated in 1 of 4 patients. PPI-TCL differences <30 ms were found when entraining tachycardia at sites near the septal patch. But linear ablation failed in terminating AT. There was no complication during procedure. No recurrence of incision-related AT was found during follow-up except for the failed patient. Conclusion: Under conventional electrophysiological mapping, adopting linear ablation from scar area to anatomic barrier, successful ablation also can be obtained in patients with IRAT related to myocardial scar or incision.

For a Still “Social” Housing： The Fluent Governance

Network governance, widely used as theoretical model in investigations on social housing, is not free from critiques, first of all, for the fact that it has a uni-directionality of bottom-up processes, when oriented to public deliberation, or top-down when decision-makers are technical experts at the political level. Given the new complexity of the social housing issue and the considered limits of the network governance, this work aims at looking for a possible different theoretical framework able to give different tools to simplify decision making processes without any alteration of any basic decisional element. The contribution given by this work is the proposition of what has been called ＂fluent governance＂ as a framework of decision making able to represent the whole spectrum of interventions in the process, also taking into account aspects not captured by standard models. The paper reports an experimentation of the proposed model conducted in Italy in the field of renovating social housing policy.

RATE-DEPENDENT SLOW CONDUCTION VELOCITY IN THE CAVO-TRICUSPID ISTHMUS AND SEPTUM IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FLUTTER

Purpose. To evaluate and compare the effects of heart rate on conduction velocity in the cavotricus-pid isthmus (CTI) and septum in patients with and without typical atrial flutter (AF) using electro-anatomic mapping (EAM) of the right atrium (RA).Methods. Ten patients(age 53+10 yrs,7M/3F)with AF and 13 patients (age 51+11 yrs, 5M/8F) with atrio-ventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) underwent conventional electrophysionogical study, electro -anatomic mapping and radiofrequency ablation. Using EAMs obtained during coronary sinus pacing at pacing cycle length (PCL) 600 ms, 400 ms, and 300 ms, we evaluated conduction velocities in the CTI and septum of RA in 10 patients with AF and compared EAMs to 13 patients with AVNRT to determine whether the conduction slowing required to maintain AFL was related to changes in volume alone or altered RA electrophysiology.Results. Conduction velocities in CTI and septum were significantly slower at all PCL when AF was compared to AVNRT(P<0.05). Additionally, in the AF group, septal conduction velocities were slower at PCL 600 ms and 400 ms, but not at 300 ms compared to CTI (P<0.05). In AF, during PCL 300. conduction in CTI slowed significantly compared to PCL 600 and 400 ms such that there was no difference between CTI and septum at PCL 300.Conclusions. There is slower conduction in the septum compared to the CTI in all patients. However, in patients with AF, there is significant slowing of conduction in the CTI and septum as well as decremen-tal rate-dependent slowing of conduction in the CTI. These findings indicate that in addition to RA enlargement, changes in atrial electrophysiology distinguish AF patients from patients with AVNRT.

Gender and tachycardia： independent modulation of platelet reactivity in patients with atrial fibrillation

Background Female patients with atrial fibrillation （AF） experience increased risk of thromboembolism compared to males, an observation that is reflected by its inclusion in the CHA2DS2VASc score. New onset AF （often associated with tachycardia） also confers upon patients increased thromboembolic risk. The mechanisms underlying this risk are uncertain, but new onset AF is associated with profound impairment of platelet nitric oxide （NO） signalling. Given that cardiovascular responses to catecholamines are gender-dependent, and that the presence of tachycardia in new onset AF may represent a response to catecholaminergic stimulation, we explored the potential impact of gender and tachycardia on platelet aggregation and NO signalling. Methods Interactions were sought in 87 AF patients between the extent of adenosine diphosphate （ADP）-induced platelet aggregation, the anti-aggregatory effects of the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside, gender, and admission heart rate. The potential impact of platelet expression of thioredoxin-interacting protein （Txnip） was also evaluated. Results Analysis ofcovariance confLrmed the presence of physiological antagonism between platelet ADP and NO responses [F （1, 74） = 12.212, P 〈 0.01 ], while female sex correlated with impaired NO responses independent of platelet aggregability [F （2, 74） = 8.313, P 〈 0.01]. Admission heart rate correlated directly with platelet aggregation （r = 0.235, P 〈 0.05）, and inversely with NO response （r = -0.331, P 〈 0.01）. Txnip expression varied neither with gender nor with heart rate. Conclusions These results indicate, that gender and heart rate are independent determinants of platelet fimction. Prospective studies of the putative benefit of reversal of tachycardia on restoration of normal platelet function are therefore a priority.

Comparison of remote magnetic versus manual catheter navigation for ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare remote magnetic catheter navigation with manual navigation for the ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia （AVNRT）. Methods From November 2007 to November 2009, 30 consecutive patients with AVNRT received radiofrequency ablation in the Institute of Geriatric Cardiology. Of them, 14 were treated with remote magnetic navigation （RMN） and 16 with manual catheter navigation （MCN）. Total fluoroscopic time,procedure time, procedural success rate, and complication rate were compared between the two groups. Results Total fluoroscopy time and precise orientation time were reduced in RMN group compared to MCN group （7.5＋0.3 min vs 13.9~5.3 rain, and 1.0-x-0.3 min vs 3.2：~0.6 min, respectively, both P〈0.05）. Procedural success rates in both groups were 100% and no AVNRT recurred in all patients during 3 months＇ follow-up. The number of lesions delivered was less for RMN group （3.4~1.1 vs 6.3＋2.2, P〈0.05）. Total procedure time （25.6~7.5 rain vs 27.5a：6.2 rain,/〉〉0.05） was similar between the 2 groups. No procedural complications occurred in both groups. Conclusions RMN for mapping and ablation of AVNRT significantly reduce precise orientation time, total fluoroscopy time and number of lesions delivered compared to the conventional technique of manual steering of deflectable catheters. Remote magnetic control mapping and ablation of AVNRT is more safe and feasible （J Geriatr Cardio12010; 7：7-9）.

Comprehensive Implementation of Standardization Work:the Project for Air Disinfection and a Conservation-oriented Sterile Environment in Hospitals

In China, the technical information currently available both domestically and abroad has been reviewed in an attempt to integrate the technique of ultraviolet air disinfection with Grade Ⅱ filters and develop a sterile conservation-oriented environment. As detection showed, such a sanitary system of air disinfection, integrated by ultraviolet air disinfection and Grade Ⅱ filters can reach the same standard of cleanliness as a high efficiency particle filter. This system easily satisfies the cleaning of air in hospital wards, surpassing the sterile air standards and the requirements of the National Bacteria Indicator （NBI）. As a result of this system＇s efficiency, resources and running costs can be reduced dramatically. Therefore, revision of the national standards of Structural Technical Specification of the Cleaning Operation Department needs to move forward.

Characteristics of User Redesign Process： A Study of Changes Made by Users in Architect-Designed Housing

Housing is dynamic. It changes with time. A sample of 60 houses in the Shagari Low Cost housing scheme in Kanra Namoda was studied in order to find out the characteristics of changes made by the users. Physical observations and questionnaires were used as the major instruments of data collection. The results show that 91% of occupants have made various changes to the original designs without the help of professional designers, and some of the changes have completely transformed the outlook of the houses in locational planning, materials and form. This implies that a post architectural design phase exists, suggesting that the design process can be divided into two phases; the initial design by the architect and the subsequent redesign by the user. The paper presents preliminary findings on the general characteristics of user redesign and concludes that a clear process can be established. The architectural design process can, therefore, be expanded to include the user redesign process in order to reflect the entire lifespan of the building.

Granulomatous Inflammatory Reaction in Breast Silicone Implants

Introduction： breast implants have been used to correct the size and the form of a breast in post-mastectomy breast reconstruction, for correcting congenital defects and deformities or for purely aesthetic breast augmentation. Silicone breast implants were introduced in the 1960s. They are non without complications, like rupture is or silicone gel bleeding. Materials and methods： the authors present the case of 50 patients, aged 45-55, who presented to our attention after 15 （＋ 5） years of the application of silicone breast implant for the appearance of lumps under the skin in the armpit area. These were palpable, painless except on palpation. The patients reported burning in the affected area, but no other symptoms. Results： considering the presence in each of them of silicone implants, and assuming a possible allergic basis, the authors performed a patch test series S1DAPA produced by F.I.R.M.A Spa, Firenze, ultrasound and MR and blood tests. In all patients the allergy test （patch test） were negative, ultrasound and MR have shown that no hearing was damaged or broken. Blood test showed no abnormalities. Discussion： comparing the authors＇ study with other similar works in the literature, they noted that the reported cases of hypersensitivity type 4 silicone prosthesis was not only initially accompanied by specific symptoms such as urticaria and blistering, but mostly it was found to be a net positive patch test. The absence of urticaria, the low values of lgE and total negativity of patch test confirmed the purely inflammatory nature of the lesions in our patients.

Evaluation of Large-Scale Housing Projects in Terms of Their Compatibility to Criteria of Environmental Design

The design and execution of large-scale housing projects always have negative environmental impacts in terms of excessive consumption of non-renewable energy resources and environmental pollution. These negative impacts are multiplied in the case of large-scale housing projects where a large number of standardized units are implemented in a repeated manner. This proposed paper will study and evaluate the environmental impacts of large-scale housing projects according to criteria of environmental design. The case study project is Haram City that is a housing project for small low-income families. The project consists of 50,000 housing units and is located in 6th of October City, which has a hot dry desert climate that necessitates special design considerations and applications of environmental design concepts. The project will be analyzed and evaluated in terms of site layout, design of buildings, orientation, materials used, construction techniques, thermal behavior, landscaping, etc.

Air-stable diradical dications with ferromagnetic interaction exceeding the thermal energy at room temperature: from a monomer to a dimer

Two tetraazacyclophane dications(1^(2+) and 2^(2+)) with different remote substituents have been synthesized, isolated and characterized.Their electronic structures and physical property were studied by various spectroscopic techniques, single crystal X-ray diffraction,super conducting quantum interference device(SQUID) measurements and theoretical calculations. The dications have triplet ground states with ferromagnetic interaction exceeding the thermal energy at room temperature. The solid-state structures of these species were tunable by substituent effect, with 1^(2+) as a monomer and 2^(2+) as a dimer.