Aim To find a more efficient learning method based on temporal difference learning for delayed reinforcement learning tasks. Methods A kind of Q learning algorithm based on truncated TD( λ ) with adaptive scheme...Aim To find a more efficient learning method based on temporal difference learning for delayed reinforcement learning tasks. Methods A kind of Q learning algorithm based on truncated TD( λ ) with adaptive schemes of λ value selection addressed to absorbing Markov decision processes was presented and implemented on computers. Results and Conclusion Simulations on the shortest path searching problems show that using adaptive λ in the Q learning based on TTD( λ ) can speed up its convergence.展开更多
Dynamic model for dehydration process of industrial purified terephthalic acid solvent is investigated to understand and characterize the process.A temperature differential expression is presented,which ensures the eq...Dynamic model for dehydration process of industrial purified terephthalic acid solvent is investigated to understand and characterize the process.A temperature differential expression is presented,which ensures the equation to convergence and short computation time.The model is used to study the dynamic behavior of an azeotropic distillation column separating acetic acid and water using n-butyl acetate as the entrainer.Responses of the column to feed flow and aqueous reflux flow are simulated.The movement of temperature front is also simulated.The comparison between simulation and industrial values shows that the model and algorithm are effective.On the basis of simulation and analysis,control strategy,online optimization and so on can be implemented effectively in dehydration process of purified terephthalic acid solvent.展开更多
本文采用指数效用最大化的方法研究了期权的动态无差异效用价值过程Ct(H;α).考虑股票价格过程为具有基于随机测度的一般跳的半鞅模型,且期权的无差异效用价值过程的Doob-Meyer分解的鞅部分的GKW(Galtchouk-Kunita-Watanabe)分解满足Ja...本文采用指数效用最大化的方法研究了期权的动态无差异效用价值过程Ct(H;α).考虑股票价格过程为具有基于随机测度的一般跳的半鞅模型,且期权的无差异效用价值过程的Doob-Meyer分解的鞅部分的GKW(Galtchouk-Kunita-Watanabe)分解满足Jacod鞅表示定理.利用无差异效用价值过程在最小熵测度和最优投资策略下为鞅的事实构建了一个倒向随机微分方程.通过概率测度变换将方程的鞅部分和生成元转化为BMO(bounded mean oscillation)鞅,证明了该方程的解的唯一性.并将方程的生成元分成[?A=0]和[?A≠0],证明了最优投资策略存在.从而给出期权无差异效用价值过程的倒向随机微分方程的表达形式.展开更多
In the modern educational reality, as it is influenced by the social developments, the diversity of school potential is intensely highlighted. At the same time, the standardization of the teaching process appears to b...In the modern educational reality, as it is influenced by the social developments, the diversity of school potential is intensely highlighted. At the same time, the standardization of the teaching process appears to be insufficient to meet the modern instructive requirements, while it is vastly supported that differentiated teaching can sufficiently respond to the modern instructive needs. Moreover, it is pointed out that differentiated teaching is another way of thinking on the instructive work. On that basis and with a view to investigating the functionalist dimensions of differentiated teaching, a research of empiric character was attempted geared toward at the investigation of attitudes and opinions of Greek primary school teachers with regard to the differentiated teaching. The structured questionnaire was used as a research tool and the main conclusions showed not only the limited briefing of the sample teachers, with regard to the theoretical and applicable functionalism of differentiated teaching, but also the conviction that the differentiated teaching has the potential to treat students equally while functioning as a driving force for the dynamic forming of knowledge by the students themselves.展开更多
The ripening process of grape is an important stage during grape growth and development. During this process, color of grape skin is the most obvious change. The molecular mechanism for the ripening of grape(a non-cli...The ripening process of grape is an important stage during grape growth and development. During this process, color of grape skin is the most obvious change. The molecular mechanism for the ripening of grape(a non-climacteric fruit, which ripens without ethylene and respiration bursts) is still unclear. Although numerous studies have been done on the changes in the contents of metabolites during grape ripening, the differentially expressed genes at veraison and maturity stages have not been systematically analyzed. In this study, 1 524 genes that are significantly differentially expressed in grape(Pinot Noir) skin at veraison and maturity stages were identified, and a co-expression network of these genes was built. Some of the eight co-expression modules we identified may be closely related to the synthesis or metabolism of anthocyanins, sugar acids, and other flavor substances. The transcription factor families WRKY, b ZIP, HSF and WOX may play an important role in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis or metabolism. The results provide a foundation for further study of the molecular mechanism of grape ripening.展开更多
Introduced species may outcompete or hybridize with native species, resulting in the loss of native biodiversity or even alteration of ecosystem processes. In this study, we reported an alien distromatic Ulva species,...Introduced species may outcompete or hybridize with native species, resulting in the loss of native biodiversity or even alteration of ecosystem processes. In this study, we reported an alien distromatic Ulva species, which was found in an embayment(Holly Pond) connected with Long Island Sound, USA. The morphological and anatomical observations in combination with molecular data were used for its identification to species. Anatomy of collected specimens showed that the cell shape in rhizoidal and basal regions was round and the marginal teeth along the basal and median region were not found. These characteristics were primarily identical to the diagnostic characteristics of Ulva laetevirens Areschoug(Chlorophyta). The plastid-encoding tufA and nucleus-encoding ITS1 were used for its molecular identification. Phylogenetic analysis for the tufA gene placed the specimens from Holly Pond in a well-supported clade along with published sequences of U. laetevirens identified early without any sequence divergence. In ITS tree, the sample also formed well-supported clades with the sequences of U. laetevirens with an estimated sequence divergence among the taxa in these clades as low as 1%. These findings confirmed the morpho-anatomical conclusion. Native to Australia, this species was reported in several countries along the Mediterranean coast after the late of 1990 s. This is the first time that U. laetevirens is found in the northeast coast of United States and the second record for Atlantic North America.展开更多
The NCEP/NCAR R1 reanalysis data are employed to investigate the impact of forced and inertial instability in the lower troposphere over the Arabian Sea on the onset process of Indian summer monsoon(ISM),and to reveal...The NCEP/NCAR R1 reanalysis data are employed to investigate the impact of forced and inertial instability in the lower troposphere over the Arabian Sea on the onset process of Indian summer monsoon(ISM),and to reveal the important role of zonal advection of zonal geostrophic momentum played in the forced unstable convection.Results show that during the ISM onset the zero absolute vorticity contour(??=0)shifts northward due to the strong cross-equatorial pressure gradient in the lower troposphere over southern Arabian Sea.Thus a region with negative absolute vorticity is generated near the equator in the northern hemisphere,manifesting the evident free inertial instability.When a southerly passes through this region,under the influence of friction a lower convergence that facilitates the convection flourishing at the lower latitudes appears to the north of zero absolute vorticity contour.However,owing to such a traditional inertial instability,the convection is confined near the equator which does not have direct influence on the ISM onset.On the contrary in the region to the north of the zero absolute vorticity contour and to the south of the low pressure center near the surface,although the atmosphere there is inertially stable,the lower westerly jet can develop and bring on the apparent zonal advection of zonal geostrophic momentum.Both theoretical study and diagnosing analysis present that such a zonal advection of geostrophic momentum is closely associated with the zonal asymmetric distribution of meridional land-sea thermal contrast,which induces a convergence center near and further north of the westerly jet in the lower troposphere over the southwestern coast of the Indian Peninsula,providing a favorable lower circulation for the ISM onset.It illustrates that the development of convection over the Arabian Sea in late spring and early summer is not only due to the frictional inertial instability but also strongly affected by the zonal asymmetric distribution of land-sea thermal contrast.Moreover,before the ISM onset due to the eastward development of the South Asian High(SAH)in the upper troposphere,high potential vorticity is transported to the region over the Arabian Sea.Then a local trumpet-shaped stream field is generated to cause the evident upper divergence-pumping effect which favors the ISM onset.When the upper divergence is vertically coupled with the lower convergence resulted from the aforementioned forced unstable convection development near the southwestern coast of Indian Peninsula,the atmospheric baroclinic unstable development is stimulated and the ISM onset is triggered.展开更多
Previous analyses have reported that the human monocytic cell line THP1 can be differentiated into cells with macrophage-like characteristics by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA). However, little is known about the...Previous analyses have reported that the human monocytic cell line THP1 can be differentiated into cells with macrophage-like characteristics by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA). However, little is known about the mechanism responsible for regulating this differentiation process. Here, we performed high-throughput RNA-Seq analysis to investigate the genes differently expressed in THP1 cells treated with and without PMA and examined those that may be responsible for the PMA-induced differentiation of monocytes into macrophages. We found 3,000 genes to be differentially expressed after PMA treatment. Gene ontology analysis revealed that genes related to cellular processes and regulation of biological processes were significantly enriched. KEGG analysis also demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were significantly enriched in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and phagosome pathway. Importantly, we reveal an important role of the PI3K/AKT pathway in PMA-induced THP1 cell differentiation. The identified DEGs and pathways may facilitate further study of the detailed molecular mechanisms of THP1 differentiation. Thus, our results provide numerous potential therapeutic targets for modulation of the differentiation of this disease.展开更多
文摘Aim To find a more efficient learning method based on temporal difference learning for delayed reinforcement learning tasks. Methods A kind of Q learning algorithm based on truncated TD( λ ) with adaptive schemes of λ value selection addressed to absorbing Markov decision processes was presented and implemented on computers. Results and Conclusion Simulations on the shortest path searching problems show that using adaptive λ in the Q learning based on TTD( λ ) can speed up its convergence.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China（61072127） the Outstanding Young Innovative Personnel Project of Guangdong Colleges（LYM08098）
文摘Dynamic model for dehydration process of industrial purified terephthalic acid solvent is investigated to understand and characterize the process.A temperature differential expression is presented,which ensures the equation to convergence and short computation time.The model is used to study the dynamic behavior of an azeotropic distillation column separating acetic acid and water using n-butyl acetate as the entrainer.Responses of the column to feed flow and aqueous reflux flow are simulated.The movement of temperature front is also simulated.The comparison between simulation and industrial values shows that the model and algorithm are effective.On the basis of simulation and analysis,control strategy,online optimization and so on can be implemented effectively in dehydration process of purified terephthalic acid solvent.
文摘本文采用指数效用最大化的方法研究了期权的动态无差异效用价值过程Ct(H;α).考虑股票价格过程为具有基于随机测度的一般跳的半鞅模型,且期权的无差异效用价值过程的Doob-Meyer分解的鞅部分的GKW(Galtchouk-Kunita-Watanabe)分解满足Jacod鞅表示定理.利用无差异效用价值过程在最小熵测度和最优投资策略下为鞅的事实构建了一个倒向随机微分方程.通过概率测度变换将方程的鞅部分和生成元转化为BMO(bounded mean oscillation)鞅,证明了该方程的解的唯一性.并将方程的生成元分成[?A=0]和[?A≠0],证明了最优投资策略存在.从而给出期权无差异效用价值过程的倒向随机微分方程的表达形式.
文摘In the modern educational reality, as it is influenced by the social developments, the diversity of school potential is intensely highlighted. At the same time, the standardization of the teaching process appears to be insufficient to meet the modern instructive requirements, while it is vastly supported that differentiated teaching can sufficiently respond to the modern instructive needs. Moreover, it is pointed out that differentiated teaching is another way of thinking on the instructive work. On that basis and with a view to investigating the functionalist dimensions of differentiated teaching, a research of empiric character was attempted geared toward at the investigation of attitudes and opinions of Greek primary school teachers with regard to the differentiated teaching. The structured questionnaire was used as a research tool and the main conclusions showed not only the limited briefing of the sample teachers, with regard to the theoretical and applicable functionalism of differentiated teaching, but also the conviction that the differentiated teaching has the potential to treat students equally while functioning as a driving force for the dynamic forming of knowledge by the students themselves.
基金Supported by Major Agricultural Application Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province"Development of Landmark Wines and Integrated Application of Key Technologies in Shandong Province"Major Agricultural Application Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province"Research and Application of Precision Control of Maturation and Product Innovation of Featured Brewing Grape"Agricultural Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CXGC2016D01)
文摘The ripening process of grape is an important stage during grape growth and development. During this process, color of grape skin is the most obvious change. The molecular mechanism for the ripening of grape(a non-climacteric fruit, which ripens without ethylene and respiration bursts) is still unclear. Although numerous studies have been done on the changes in the contents of metabolites during grape ripening, the differentially expressed genes at veraison and maturity stages have not been systematically analyzed. In this study, 1 524 genes that are significantly differentially expressed in grape(Pinot Noir) skin at veraison and maturity stages were identified, and a co-expression network of these genes was built. Some of the eight co-expression modules we identified may be closely related to the synthesis or metabolism of anthocyanins, sugar acids, and other flavor substances. The transcription factor families WRKY, b ZIP, HSF and WOX may play an important role in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis or metabolism. The results provide a foundation for further study of the molecular mechanism of grape ripening.
基金partly funded by the China Scholarship Councilsupports of this work by the Connecticut Sea Grant College Program (NA10OAR4170095+1 种基金 CT Sea Grant R/A38)from the Perkin Elmer research fund at the University of Connecticut, Perkin Elmer Analytical Division of E, G & G, Wellesley, MA, USA
文摘Introduced species may outcompete or hybridize with native species, resulting in the loss of native biodiversity or even alteration of ecosystem processes. In this study, we reported an alien distromatic Ulva species, which was found in an embayment(Holly Pond) connected with Long Island Sound, USA. The morphological and anatomical observations in combination with molecular data were used for its identification to species. Anatomy of collected specimens showed that the cell shape in rhizoidal and basal regions was round and the marginal teeth along the basal and median region were not found. These characteristics were primarily identical to the diagnostic characteristics of Ulva laetevirens Areschoug(Chlorophyta). The plastid-encoding tufA and nucleus-encoding ITS1 were used for its molecular identification. Phylogenetic analysis for the tufA gene placed the specimens from Holly Pond in a well-supported clade along with published sequences of U. laetevirens identified early without any sequence divergence. In ITS tree, the sample also formed well-supported clades with the sequences of U. laetevirens with an estimated sequence divergence among the taxa in these clades as low as 1%. These findings confirmed the morpho-anatomical conclusion. Native to Australia, this species was reported in several countries along the Mediterranean coast after the late of 1990 s. This is the first time that U. laetevirens is found in the northeast coast of United States and the second record for Atlantic North America.
基金supported jointly by the CAS Programme (Grant No. XDA11010402)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2010CB950403, 2012CB417203)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41275088)the Project founded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.
文摘The NCEP/NCAR R1 reanalysis data are employed to investigate the impact of forced and inertial instability in the lower troposphere over the Arabian Sea on the onset process of Indian summer monsoon(ISM),and to reveal the important role of zonal advection of zonal geostrophic momentum played in the forced unstable convection.Results show that during the ISM onset the zero absolute vorticity contour(??=0)shifts northward due to the strong cross-equatorial pressure gradient in the lower troposphere over southern Arabian Sea.Thus a region with negative absolute vorticity is generated near the equator in the northern hemisphere,manifesting the evident free inertial instability.When a southerly passes through this region,under the influence of friction a lower convergence that facilitates the convection flourishing at the lower latitudes appears to the north of zero absolute vorticity contour.However,owing to such a traditional inertial instability,the convection is confined near the equator which does not have direct influence on the ISM onset.On the contrary in the region to the north of the zero absolute vorticity contour and to the south of the low pressure center near the surface,although the atmosphere there is inertially stable,the lower westerly jet can develop and bring on the apparent zonal advection of zonal geostrophic momentum.Both theoretical study and diagnosing analysis present that such a zonal advection of geostrophic momentum is closely associated with the zonal asymmetric distribution of meridional land-sea thermal contrast,which induces a convergence center near and further north of the westerly jet in the lower troposphere over the southwestern coast of the Indian Peninsula,providing a favorable lower circulation for the ISM onset.It illustrates that the development of convection over the Arabian Sea in late spring and early summer is not only due to the frictional inertial instability but also strongly affected by the zonal asymmetric distribution of land-sea thermal contrast.Moreover,before the ISM onset due to the eastward development of the South Asian High(SAH)in the upper troposphere,high potential vorticity is transported to the region over the Arabian Sea.Then a local trumpet-shaped stream field is generated to cause the evident upper divergence-pumping effect which favors the ISM onset.When the upper divergence is vertically coupled with the lower convergence resulted from the aforementioned forced unstable convection development near the southwestern coast of Indian Peninsula,the atmospheric baroclinic unstable development is stimulated and the ISM onset is triggered.
基金supported by funds from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81400102)the Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2015M570751)+1 种基金the National Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship(201510559043)the Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(A2015420)
文摘Previous analyses have reported that the human monocytic cell line THP1 can be differentiated into cells with macrophage-like characteristics by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA). However, little is known about the mechanism responsible for regulating this differentiation process. Here, we performed high-throughput RNA-Seq analysis to investigate the genes differently expressed in THP1 cells treated with and without PMA and examined those that may be responsible for the PMA-induced differentiation of monocytes into macrophages. We found 3,000 genes to be differentially expressed after PMA treatment. Gene ontology analysis revealed that genes related to cellular processes and regulation of biological processes were significantly enriched. KEGG analysis also demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were significantly enriched in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and phagosome pathway. Importantly, we reveal an important role of the PI3K/AKT pathway in PMA-induced THP1 cell differentiation. The identified DEGs and pathways may facilitate further study of the detailed molecular mechanisms of THP1 differentiation. Thus, our results provide numerous potential therapeutic targets for modulation of the differentiation of this disease.
