当代教育管理的过程性质与特征

当代教育管理以过程为取向,是一种全新的教育管理过程观,体现出一些新的过程性质与特征。这种过程是一种开放生成过程、有机互动过程和合作共享过程。它表征着当代教育管理过程的创新性和创造性、动态性和人性化,形成教育管理的无限生机与活力,促进教育管理各方的共同成长与发展。这种新的过程观体现了对教育和教育管理本质的新认识,是对教育管理过程与结果、教育管理过程与目标之间关系的新理解,是对如何实现教育管理价值与目标的一种新思路和新设计。

当代教育管理的过程性质与特征分析

现阶段,当代教育管理规范中,更加注重管理的过程性,其明显区别与传统教育管理中结果取向的管理模式。本文从当代教育管理的发展情况,结合过程性质与特征进行全面分析,以此希望能够为当代教育管理的理论发展提供一些借鉴。

关于过程性质与自发性判据的教学思考

从Carnat定理与Clausius不等式出发,理清了物理化学教学中较易混淆的过程性质和自发性两类重要的判据,明晰了它们之间的区别和联系,方便了学生对相关内容的了解和掌握。

“司法过程”中的动态法因素——解读卡多佐《司法过程的性质》

卡多佐的《司法过程的性质》一直被视为实用主义法学的明晰且明智的宣言,而其中所阐释的实用主义司法裁判方法也被普通法系法官奉为裁判典范。在积极探索和追求司法公正的今天,解读这部经典法学著作具有重要意义。

我国现行司法体制下“法官造法”的适用性分析——解读卡多佐《司法过程的性质》一书

美国二十世纪最伟大的法官之一本杰明·内森·卡多佐在所著《司法过程的性质》一书中指出:"司法过程的最高境界不是发现法律,而是创造法律"。这是对法官工作性质的清醒定位,对我国现行司法体制下"法官造法"的适用性,从宏观和微观两个层面都具有重要意义。

以卡多佐视角浅析司法过程的性质及其对中国司法建设的启示

继南北战争之后,“严格遵循先例”原则难以适应日益复杂的美国社会。而卡多佐通过《司法过程的性质》提出的重实务轻逻辑的思想,将古旧呆板的法律从书本中释放出来。提出让法官自由的创造法律,让高效便民、公平正义的精神融入法律法规。他的这一思想推动法律从“遵循先例原则”迈入“实用主义法哲学”的新纪元。当代中国,司法改革如火如荼,面临着诸多难题,对司法人员和司法建设提出了新的要求。

在意义和方法的分裂中寻求自己的定位——读《司法过程的性质》有感

《司法过程的性质》是卡多佐1921年在耶鲁大学为纪念一个已经去世的毕业生所作的演讲。卡多佐演讲所散发出来的魅力和思想的光芒让这个他本来不看好的演讲取得了无心插柳的效果。拜读此书的过程中，笔者从卡多佐和他的角度看待法官的自由裁量权学到的和困惑的对笔者来说受益匪浅。

法官的灵活逻辑———读《司法过程的性质》有感

《司法过程的性质》这本书试图以通俗的语言向一个外行说明司法的过程是如何运作的,具体而言,例如,法官在决定一个案件时,他用了什么样的信息做指导等,换言之,即向读者揭示了司法过程的原则.在阅读过程中也给读者带来了思考,书中描写应用判例法的美国司法对于我国有何借鉴意义? 从逻辑一致性、社会学的思考方法以及影响我国法院作出司法决定的行政三方面论证法律的本质是一种过程.

法官造法:司法过程的最高境界

法官造法是英美法系司法的最高境界,是与大陆法系区别开来的基本特征。美国联邦最高法院大法官卡多佐所撰《司法过程的性质》——作为美国司法哲学的代表之作,对法官造法的动因、界限、根据和方法等做出了简明而又不乏深邃的阐释,该书也成为解读英美法系法官造法理论精髓的窗口。

《物理化学》教材中自由能判据的片面性探讨

南京大学《物理化学》第五版教材关于Gibbs自由能判断封闭系统自发过程的方向与限度的条件是"等温等压,不做非体积功""不做非条件功"的条件是不必要的,它给自由能判据带来片面性.该教材所以出现这样问题,其原因是没有区别自然界的自发过程和热力学中自发过程的不同点,没有给自发过程下一个热力学定义,对封闭系统的总熵判据没有加限制条件.由热力学第一、第二定律联合公式,对过程性质(可逆、不可逆)的判据,无法直接从理论上推导出过程方向与限度的判据,因为过程性质与过程方向性之间没有必然的联系,我们提出两种从理论上推导出正确判据的方法.

浅谈高职院校洁净煤技术课程设计

《洁净煤技术》是高职院校煤炭深加工与利用专业的一门职业技术课程,结合高职院校学生特点,该文对该课程进行课程设计,明确课程性质及开发过程,对课程进行定位与设计,采用合理有效地考核方案进行考核,从而达到对高职院校学生的培养目标。

Theoretical Study on Electronic Gain-and-loss Properties of TEMPO and Its Derivates in Charge/Discharge Processes

Theoretical study on the electronic structures and related properties of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl- l-piperidinyloxy （TEMPO） and its cationic lipid derivates in the charge/discharge processes has been carried out using the density functional theory （DFT） at the （U）B3LYP/6-31G（d,p） or 6-31＋G（d,p） level. The changes and regularities of geometric and electronic properties of these compounds in the charge/discharge processes were revealed in detail. The compu- tational results show that the substitute group plays a very important role in the electronic structures and related properties of TEMPOs during the charge/discharge processes. It is very interesting to find that after getting an electron, TEMPO is more stable in singlet state but the lipid is more stable in triplet state. For TEMPO, both the charge and the discharge processes greatly influence the electronic properties of N and O atoms of the radical part. For the cationic lipid, the discharge process mainly influences the pyridinium head and the charge process mainly influences the free radical head. Moreover, the solvent effect plays an important role in some bond lengths and the charge population of the free radical head. In addition, the UV-Vis absorption spectra simulated using TDDFT at the 6-31G（d,p） with the experimental ones. of TEMPO and the lipid were calculated and or 6-31＋G（d,p） level, in satisfying agreement

Subsurface Flow Processes in Sloping Cropland of Purple Soil

Subsurface flow is a prominent runoff process in sloping lands of purple soil in the upper Yangtze River basin.However,it remains difficult to identify and quantify.In this study,in situ runoff experimental plots were used to measure soil moisture dynamics using an array of time domain reflectometry(TDR) together with overland flow and subsurface flow using isolated collecting troughs.Frequency of preferential flow during rainfall events and the controls of subsurface flow processes were investigated through combined analysis of soil properties,topography,rainfall intensity,initial wetness,and tillage.Results showed that subsurface flow was ubiquitous in purple soil profiles due to welldeveloped macropores,especially in surface soils while frequency of preferential flow occurrence was very low(only 2 cases in plot C) during all 22 rainfall events.Dry antecedent moisture conditions promoted the occurrence of preferential flow.However,consecutive real-time monitoring of soil moisture at different depths and various slope positions implied the possible occurrence of multiple subsurface lateral flows during intensive storms.Rainfall intensity,tillage operation,and soil properties were recognized as main controls of subsurface flow in the study area,which allows the optimization of management practices for alleviating adverse environmental effects of subsurface flow in the region.

A Property Based Approach for Simultaneous Process and Molecular Design

In this work, property clustering techniques and group contribution methods are combined to enable simultaneous consideration of process performance requirements and molecular property constraints. Using this methodology, the process design problem is solved to identify the property targets corresponding to the desired process performance. A significant advantage of the developed methodology is that for problems that can be satisfactorily described by only three properties, the process and molecular design problems can be simultaneously solved visually on a ternary diagram, irrespective of how many molecular fragments are included in the search space. On the ternary cluster diagram, the target properties are represented as individual points if given as discrete values or as a region if given as intervals. The structure and identity of candidate components is then identified by combining or ＂mixing＂ molecular fragments until the resulting properties match the targets.

A Novel Real-time Optimization Methodology for Chemical Plants

In this paper, a novel approach termed process goose queue (PGQ) is suggested to deal with real-time optimization (RTO) of chemical plants. Taking advantage of the ad-hoc structure of PGQ which imitates biologic nature of flying wild geese, a chemical plant optimization problem can be re-formulated as a combination of a multi-layer PGQ and a PGQ-Objective according to the relationship among process variables involved in the objective and constraints. Subsequently, chemical plant RTO solutions are converted into coordination issues among PGQs which could be dealt with in a novel way. Accordingly, theoretical definitions, adjustment rule and implementing procedures associated with the approach are explicitly introduced together with corresponding enabling algorithms. Finally, an exemplary chemical plant is employed to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the contribution.

Investigation into the surface active groups of coal

The oxidation heat of coal is the direct reason leading to coal spontaneous combustion. When coal is exposed in oxygen atmosphere, the physical adsorption and chemisorption happened, and then which resulting chemical reaction followed heat between coal and oxygen. Owing to the complexity and uncertain of molecular structure of coal,it was only reduced that bridge bonds, side chains and O 2 containing functional groups in coal may be prone to oxidation in last year, but not to deeply investigate into the structures and the type of the active radicals. In this paper, according to the last achievements in coal structure research, the hypomethylether bond, hypoalkyl bond of α carbon atom with hydroxyl and α carbon atom with hypomethy side chain and hypomethyl bonds linking up two aromatic hydrocarbon in bridge bonds, and methoxy,aldehyde and alkyls of α carbon atom with hydroxy in side bonds are inferred to be free radical easily to lead to oxidize coal under the ambient temperature and pressure. The order from strong to weak of oxide activation of the seven surface active groups is aldehyde side chains, hypomethylether bonds, hypoalkyl bonds of α carbon atom with hydroxyl, hypoalkyl bonds of α carbon atom with hypomethyl, hypomethyl bonds linking up two aromatic hydrocarbon,methoxy, alkyls side chains of α carbon atom with hydroxyl. Because of the two unsaturated molecular tracks of O 2, unpaired electron clouds of the part of surface active groups of coal enter molecular tracks of O 2 to lead to chemisorb on the conjugate effect and induced effect of surface active groups, and then chemical reaction followed heat happens in them. On the basis of change of bond energy, weighted average method is adopted to count the reaction heat value of each mol CO,CO 2 and H 2O. The property of coal spontaneous combustion is different for the different number and oxidability of the active structure in the coal resulting in the different oxidation heat.

Physicochemical Properties of Banana Flour as Influenced by Variety and Stage of Ripeness： Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Physicochemical properties of banana flour （BF） were studied in two varieties （Cavendish and Dream） and two stages of ripeness （green and ripe）. BF＇s were analyzed for pH, total soluble solids （TSS）, water holding capacity （WHC） and oil holding capacity （OHC） at 40℃, 60 ℃ and 80 ℃, color values L＊, a＊ and b＊, back extrusion force and viscosity. Physicochemical data were analyzed by Multivariate Analysis of Variance, discriminant analysis and cluster analysis. All statistical analyses showed that physicochemical properties of BF prepared from different variety and stage of ripeness were different from each other. Viscosity, WHC40, WHC60 and TSS were recommended methods for discrimination between banana flour prepared from the two varieties, whilst viscosity, WHC60 and WHC80 were suggested for differentiation of banana flour prepared using green and ripe banana.

Properties of fluoride film and its effect on electroless nickel deposition on magnesium alloys

The physical characteristics and microstructure of the fluoride film formed during activation were investigated using SEM,XPS and SAM,and its stability in electroless nickel(EN) bath was analyzed.The effects of the fluoride film on EN deposition were studied additionally.The results show that the fluoride film on magnesium alloys is a kind of porous film composed of MgF2 with thickness of 1.6-3.2 μm.The composition of the activation bath and pretreatment of EN processing have influence on the composition of the fluoride film.The fluoride is stable and dissolves little in EN bath;as a result,the fluoride film can protect magnesium substrate from the corrosion of EN bath.The composition of fluoride determines the initial deposition of EN and part of the fluoride film finally exists as inclusion in EN coating.

Examining advanced nursing practice in Hong Kong and Guangzhou

Objective:There were studies evaluating advanced nursing practice independently in the mainland and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China,but there was no attempt to make a comparison of practice between them.This study employed a case study method to examine and compare advanced nursing practice in Hong Kong and Guangzhou.Method:Purposive sampling method was used to recruit 24 advanced practice nurses(APN)who came from the specialty of medical,surgical and pediatric in Hong Kong and Guangzhou.A questionnaire survey and semi-structured interview were conducted to solicit quantitative and qualitative data for exploring the structure-process-outcome of advanced nursing practice.The structure component explored the factors influencing advanced nursing practice.The process part examined APN role components and illustrations of exemplary advanced nursing practice.The outcomes described outcome indicators that best reflected advanced nursing practice.Findings:Findings revealed that in the structure domain,APN education and career development,team approach in healthcare,and support from management,physicians and professional associations were important contextual factors for APN development in both cities.For the process domain,participants had at least 80%of their time practicing independently/interdependently and were engaged in APN activities including direct/indirect patient care,research/project work,initiation of staff and patient protocols.All participants demonstrated competencies with impacts on patient,service and profession in their description of exemplary practice.Participants from both cities ranked patient-related outcomes as top indicators for their advanced nursing practice.Conclusion:This study has revealed that APNs in Guangzhou and Hong Kong shared similar work involvement and impacts and their demonstrated competencies were on par with international counterparts.Continued efforts need to be put in establishing formal APN education,clear clinical career pathway and title protection to empower nurses to provide optimal care to the fullest extent that they are prepared for.

Characterization of Basic Nitrogen Aromatic Species Obtained during Fluid Catalytic Cracking by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

The basic-nitrogen aromatic compounds in feedstocks and liquid products from the micro-reactor and soluble components of coke obtained during fluid catalytic cracking （FCC） process were analyzed by the micro-electrospray ioniza- tion （ESI） 9.4T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry （FT-ICR MS） with an average mass resolving power of 300 000 at a mass range of 100--1 200. The analytical results revealed that the coker gas oil （CGO） contained a higher abundance of basic-nitrogen aromatic compounds with the type of-SN to -9N compared with those in deasphalted oil （DAO） and mixed FCC feedstock. After catalytic cracking, the abundance of lowly condensed basic-nitrogen aromatic compounds was much less than those of highly condensed aromatics in the liquid products, with the carbon number mainly ranging from 6 to 25 and the average carbon number of the side-chains equating to 1--5. On the contrary, with respect to the soluble components of coke, the abundance of lowly condensed basic-nitrogen aromatic compounds was more than those of highly condensed aromatics, and the carbon number ranged from 12 to 30, which was much smaller than that of the mixed FCC feedstock but slightly larger than that of the cracked liquid products. These results have provided some fundamental information on FCC process.