等深流沉积:物理海洋学、过程沉积学和石油地质学

主要阐述与等深流沉积以及其他底流沉积相关的基本原理。深海底流分为温盐引起的自转型等深流、风力驱动底流、潮汐驱动底流(大多在海底峡谷)、内波/内潮汐驱动的斜压流4种基本类型,均常见牵引构造。等深流沉积是温盐引起的自转型等深流沉积体,粒级可为泥级或细砂级,含硅质或钙质碎屑。在古代等深流与其他等深流的区分方面,目前尚无沉积学或地震学诊断标准。在岩心和露头上,双黏土层是识别深海潮汐沉积的可靠指标。加的斯湾虽然是泥质等深流沉积相模式的代表,但并无真正的等深流沉积,仅受与地中海流出水(MOW)有关的短暂等深流影响,并受内波和内潮汐、浊流、海啸、飓风、泥火山、煤成气渗漏、沉积物供给、孔隙水排出和海底地形等其他复杂因素的影响。在加的斯湾综合大洋钻探(IODP)339项目岩心中没有发现能用于解释沉积过程的原生沉积构造,因此等深流沉积相模式应予废弃。4类底流改造砂体均具备成为油气储集层的潜力。在佛罗里达海峡大巴哈马浅滩(Great Bahama Bank)附近的等深流沉积,因为其中的泥质成分被强烈的等深流从粒间原生孔隙中簸选出来,最大测量孔隙度为40%,最大渗透率达9 881×10^(-3)μm^2。现代等深流的实证数据也显示其具有发育盖层和烃源岩的潜力。因此,未来石油勘探与开发应重点关注这些经常被忽视的深海硅质和钙质碎屑等深流沉积储集层。

Sediment recycling and indication of weathering proxies

As a result of recycling, the mineralogical and chemical compositions of riverine sediments may reflect the combined effects of the present-day weathering regime as well as previous weathering and diagenetic alteration history. River sediments can be interpreted as a mixture of non-weathered bedrock—of igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary origin—and solids formed by the modern weathering system. The correlation between the weathering proxies chemical index of alteration and weathering index of Parker offers an approach to distinguish fine suspended particles, coarse bedload sediments, and recycled sediments under the influence of quartz dilution. Recycling of cation-depleted source rocks formed during past geological weathering episodes may have great impacts on the weathering indices of sediments from the Changjiang(Yangzte) and Zhuoshui Rivers. Special caution is required when using chemical weathering indices to investigate the intensity of chemical weathering registered in fluvial sediments. To minimize the effect of hydrodynamic sorting or sediment recycling, we suggest that the fine sediments(e.g.suspended particles and ﹤2 lm fractions of bedload sediments) in rivers better reflect the average of weatheredcrust in catchments and the terrigenous end-member in marginal seas.

The Electrodeposition of Rhenium in Alkaline and Acidic Elektrolytes

The investigation of electrodeposition of rhenium in alkaline and acidic electrolytes was carried out, polarization curves were obtained by electrochemically and cyclically potentiodynamic methods. By the investigation of rhenium concentration, sulphuric acid, alkali, ammonium sulphate, temperature and acidity of solution, it was found that reaming velocity was an optimal regime and electrolyte composition for an obtaining of high quality rhenium deposits from an alkaline electrolyte and acidic electrolyte. It was defined that the process of electrodeposition of rhenium in alkaline electrolyte is accompanied by chemical polarization and the electrodeposition of rhenium in acidic electrolyte goes gradually with the formation of intermediate films of sediments,

Fabrication of UV Induced Transmission Filter by Indirect Control

A method for fabrication of ultravi olet induced transmission (IT) filter by visible light control in an ordinary vacuum is presented. Manu facturing principles and techniques are disscussed. Measured spectral transmitta nce curves of making ultraviolet IT filter by this method are given.

Ultrasmall NiFe layered double hydroxide strongly coupled on atomically dispersed FeCo-NC nanoflowers as efficient bifunctional catalyst for rechargeable Zn-air battery

An atomically dispersed FeCo-NC material with the 3D flower-like morphology was used as a unique substrate for the controllable deposition of ultrasmall NiFe layered double hydroxide nanodots(termed as NiFe-NDs)to simultaneously promote the sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).The size-limiting growth of NiFe-NDs(~4.0 nm in diameter)was realized via the confinement of the 3D flower-like mesoporous structure and the rich N/O functionality of FeCo-NC.Benefiting from the distinctive structure with the simultaneously maximum exposure of both OER and ORR active sites,the NiFe-ND/FeCo-NC composite showed an ORR halfwave potential of 0.85 V and an OER potential of 1.66 V in0.1 mol L-1KOH at 10.0 mA cm-2.In-situ Raman analysis suggested the activity of OER was derived from the Ni sites on NiFe-ND/FeCo-NC.Moreover,the NiFe-ND/FeCo-NC-assembled Zn-air battery(ZAB)exhibited a very small discharge-charge voltage gap of 0.87 V at 20 mA cm-2and robust cycling stability.Furthermore,the NiFe-ND/FeCo-NC composite was also applicable for fabricating all-solid-state ZAB to power wearable electronics with superior cycling stability under deformation.Our work could enlighten a new applicable branch of atomically dispersed metal-nitrogen-carbon materials as unique substrates for fabricating multifunctional electrocatalysts.

Integrated ionic sieving channels from engineering ordered monolayer two-dimensional crystallite structures

Atomically thin solid-state channels enabling selective molecular transport could potentially be used in a variety of separation and energy conversion applications.The density of channels,their height,distance and edge structure are the key factors that dramatically impact the selective transport performance.However,such channels with small constrictions and atomic precision have been limited to proof-ofconcept demonstrations based on microscale two-dimensional(2D)crystal stripes.Here,we report the engineering of highly ordered,scalable monolayer graphene crystallite arrays by chemical vapor deposition(CVD)method with a modified anisotropic etching approach.The size,shape,distance and edge structure of the graphene crystallite arrays in a large area could be delicately controlled through tailoring the synthetic parameters.This array structure can act as pillars to prop up a smooth single-crystal graphene film,and the fabricated integrated angstrom-size(3.4A)channels allow water transport but exclude hydrated ions,demonstrating potential in selective ionic sieving and nanofiltration practice.