洗衣粉对太湖水域磷过肥化的影响

太湖是我国第三大淡水湖,太湖流域是我国工农业最发达的地区之一,也是人口最密集的地区。由于近10多年来经济的高速发展,太湖水质迅速恶化,过肥化严重。

磷酸盐洗涤剂与过肥化

磷酸盐洗涤剂与过肥化湖南丽臣实业总公司刘创冯恩远（湖南４１０００３）０前言由于媒介对环境问题的过分夸大描述以及公众的环保意识不断提高，要求使用无磷洗涤剂的消费者认为禁用磷酸盐可以改善环境的质量、阻止海藻的生长，但事实上，禁用磷酸盐反而会导致水质量下...

Fertilizer Overuse in China:Empirical Evidence from Farmers in Four Provinces

[Objective] This paper aims to empirically analyze the situation of fertilizer overuse in China, considering that fertilizer, important for China＇s crop production, has brought serious environmental pollution to China due to over application. [Method] Based on field survey data in four provinces of China, the magnitude of fertilizer overuse at farm level was empirically analyzed with Cobb-Douglas Produc- tion Function Method and profit optimization theory in the research. [Result] The resuits show that by average, 110.5 kg of chemical fertilizer were applied per mu of land, and 46.9 kg fertilizer was overused, occupying 42.5%. [Conclusion] There is large potential to reduce the overused amount and it is of great importance to re- duce fertilizer overuse effectively, which needs further intensive study.

浅谈洗衣粉中STPP的代用问题

本文概述了世界范围内代磷问题的起源和发展状况；讨论了各种助剂的性能及其对环境的影响；分析了目前最常用的代磷助剂4A沸石的优缺点；并提出改进方法。

STUDY ON DEGRADATION OF LDPE CATALYZED BY MULTI-VALENCE METALLIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT COMPOST TEMPERATURE

The catalytic effects of the organic compounds of iron,tin and manganese on the degradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) at compost temperature are discussed.A series of samples were aged in a simulating compost environment.The mechanical properties,viscosity average molecular weight (M η) of PE and hydroperoxide (POOH) concentration in the samples were measured.FT IR and DSC were also applied to characterize some samples.It was shown that the above mentioned metallic organic compounds can catalyze the degradation of LDPE efficiently.After 2 months aging,all samples with catalysts became fragile and the M η of the material decreased dramatically.Furthermore,the concentration of carbonyl and the degree of crystallinity of the material increased with the aging time.

Removal of HeS during Anaerobic Bioconversion of Dairy Manure

The main aim of this research was the experimental study at lab scale to check the absorption technology for the in situ removal of H2S from biogas during anaerobic digestion process. The reagent FeCl3 was used to check the removal efficiency of H2S produced from dairy manure during anaerobic bioconversion process. The experiments were conducted under mesophilic conditions. The composition of biogas was analyzed by gas chromatography analyzer equipped with flame photometer and thermal conductivity detectors. Experimental results under the same conditions demonstrate that high concentration of H2S in the form of FeS can be removed totally from the biogas using FeCl3 dosing with in anaerobic batch digester.

Gut bacteria alteration in obese people and its relationshipwith gene polymorphism

AIM:To investigate the differences in cultivable gut bacteria and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2(PPAR-γ2) gene Pro12Ala variation in obese and normal-weight Chinese people.METHODS:Using culture methods,the amounts of Escherichia coli,Enterococci,Bacteroides,Lactobacilli,Bif idobacteria and Clostridium perfringens(C.perfringens) in the feces of 52 obese participants [body mass index(BMI):≥ 28 kg/m2] and 52 participants of normalweight(BMI:18.5-24 kg/m2) were obtained.Study participants completed comprehensive questionnaires and underwent clinical laboratory tests.The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-PFLP) assay was used to analyze PPAR-γ2 gene Pro12Ala variation.RESULTS:The obese group exhibited a lower amount of C.perfringens(6.54 ± 0.65 vs 6.94 ± 0.57,P = 0.001)and Bacteroides(9.81 ± 0.58 vs 10.06 ± 0.39,P = 0.012) than their normal-weight counterparts.No major differences were observed in Pro12Ala genotype distribution between the two groups;however,obese individuals with a Pro/Ala genotype had a signif icantly lower level of Bacteroides(9.45 ± 0.62 vs 9.93 ± 0.51,P = 0.027) than those with a Pro/Pro genotype.In addition,the obese group demonstrated a higher stool frequency(U = 975,P < 0.001) and a looser stool(U = 1062,P = 0.015) than the normal-weight group.CONCLUSION:Our results indicated interactions among cultivable gut flora,host genetic factors and obese phenotype and this might be helpful for obesity prevention.

Enzyme Activity in Water-Stable Soil Aggregates as Affected by Long-Term Application of Organic Manure and Chemical Fertiliser

The activities of invertase, protease, urease, acid phosphomonoesterase, dehydrogenase, and catalase in different fractions of waterstable aggregates (WSA) were examined in long-term (26 years) fertilised soils. The long-term application of organic manure (OM) with chemical fertiliser (CF) significantly increased macroaggregate and decreased microaggregate percentages, enhanced the mean weight diameter, and significantly increased soil total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents of WSA in different size fractions. Combined fertilisation with OM and CF also increased invertase, protease, urease, acid phosphomonoesterase, dehydrogenase, and catalase activities of WSA in different size fractions. Enzyme activities were higher in macroaggregates than in microaggregates. The distribution of enzyme activities generally followed the distribution of TC and TN in WSA. The geometric mean of the enzyme activities in different WSA of OM-treated soils was significantly higher than that in soils treated with 100% CF or no fertiliser. The results indicated that the long-term combined application of OM with CF increased the aggregate stability and enzyme activity of different WSA sizes, and consequently, improved soil physical structure and increased soil microbial activity.

Potential Mineralization of Various Organic Pollutants During Composting

The objectives of this work were to determine the potential mineralization of various organic pollutants that are likely found in compostable materials during composting, and to evaluate the participation of the microflora of the thermophilic and maturation composting phases in pollutant mineralization. Four composts were used： a biowaste compost （BioW）, a municipal solid waste compost （MSW）, a green waste compost （GW） and a co-compost of green waste and sludge （GW＋S）. In each composting plant, two samples were withdrawn： one in the thermophilic phase （fresh compost） and one in the maturation phase （mature compost） to have the microflora of thermophilic and maturation phases active, respectively. The mineralization of 5 organic pollutants, 3 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） （i.e., phenanthrene, fluoranthene and benzo（a）pyrene）, 1 herbicide （dicamba） and 1 polychlorinated biphenyl （PCB, congener 52）, was measured in a laboratory setting during incubations at 60 ~C in fresh composts and at 28 ~C in mature composts. All molecules were 14C-labeled, which allowed the mineralization of the molecules to be measured by trapping of produced 14CO2 in NaOH. Their volatilization was also measured by trapping molecules on glass wool impregnated with paraffin oil. Mineralization of the organic molecules was only observed when the maturation microflora was present in the mature composts or when it was inoculated into the fresh compost. Phenanthrene mineralization of up to 60% in the fresh GW^S compost was the only exception. Mineralization of PAH decreased when the complexity of the PAH molecules increased. Mineralization of phenanthrene and fluoranthene reached 50%-70% in all mature composts. Benzo（a）pyrene was mineralized （30%） only in the MSW mature compost. Dicamba was moderately mineralized （30%-40%）. Finally, no PCB mineralization was detected, but 20% of the PCB had volatilized after 12 d at 60 ℃. No clear difference was observed in the degrading capacity of the different composts, and the major difference was the larger mineralizing capacity of the maturation microflora compared with the thermophilic microflora.

Effect of electroacupuncture on the expression of PGC-1α and UCP-1 in the brown adipose tissue of obese rats

Objective： To explore the effect of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α（PGC-1α） and uncoupling protein-1（UCP-1） in the brown adipose tissue（BAT） of obese rats in the process of acupuncture treatment for obesity.Methods： Fifty clean-grade male Wistar rats with the age of 3 months were randomly divided into highfat diet group（n = 40） and normal diet group（control group, n = 10）. Nutritional obesity animal models were established through feeding with high-fat diet. Twenty-four animal models in the high-fat diet group were established successfully, and then they were randomly divided into model group, acupuncture group and non-acupoint group,with 8 rats in each group. In acupuncture group, Zusanli（足三里ST36） and Tianshu（天枢ST 25） were selected. In non-acupoint group,the non-acupoints located on 5 mm beside ST 36 and ST 25 were selected as acupuncture points, and electroacupuncture intervention was adopted for 5 times/week for 8 weeks. The body mass of obese rats was measured, the body fat ratio in BAT of rats was calculated, and the expression levels of PGC-1α and UCP-1 in BAT of rats were detected by immunohistochemical method.Results： ① After treatment, the body mass of rats in acupuncture group reduced significantly, which increased in the other three groups. The changing value of body mass of rats in acupuncture group was higher than that in model group（P 0.05）, the changing value of body mass of rats in acupuncture group was higher than that in non-acupoint group（P 0.05） and the difference in body mass changing value of rats between non-acupoint group and model group was not statistically significant（P 0.05）,the body fat ratio in BAT of rats in non-acupoint group was lower than that in acupuncture group, and the differences were statistically significant（P0.05）. ② Compared with model group, the body fat ratio in BAT of rats in acupuncture group increased significantly（P 0.05）,and the difference in body fat ratio in BAT of rats between non-acupoint group and model group was not statistically significant（P 0.05）.③ Compared with model group, the PGC-la and UCP-1 levels in BAT of obese rats in acupuncture group increased（P 0.05）, and the difference in expression levels of PGC-la and UCP-1 in BAT of rats between non-acupoint group and model group was not statistically significant（P 0.05）, the expression levels in non-acupoint group were lower than that in acupuncture group, and the differences were statistically significant（P 0.05）.Conclusion： Electroacupuncture at ＂ST 36＂ and ＂ST 25＂ can effectively up-regulate the expression levels of PGC-la and UCP-1 of diet induced obesity rats, it indicates that ＂ST 36＂ and ＂ST 25＂ have close relationship with obesity and it is may be one of the effect mechanisms of electroacupuncture in losing weight through facilitating the ＂browning reaction＂ of white adipose tissue.