太极拳劲力理论肢体力在太极拳运动技击中的作用

肢体力是肌肉收缩拉动骨骼，骨骼以关节为转轴，带动人的肢体运动而发出的一种机械力。那么太极拳运动技击中，人体所发的肢体力干什么去了?发挥了哪些作用?这是我们必须进一步研究和解决的问题。弄清这个问题，对正确认识传统劲力理论和指导练拳实践具有重要意义。具体来说，肢体力在太极拳运动技击中有以下作用。

技击运动员的体脂肪及身体质量指数之研究

本研究结果表明，体脂肪量受试者其间并无明显差异，身体质量指数（ＢＭＩ）受试者其间具有明显差异，但各组间并无差异存在。身体质量指数和体脂肪量间具有明显的不相关。

试论八极拳套路与技击的关系

当前,武术界出现了套路与技击“分离趋势”,“唯技击论”和“唯套路论”两种观点,严重地阻碍了武术运动的健康发展。通过论述八极拳套路与技击的关系,得出套路运动与技击运动关系密切,并行不悖的结论,应同时并举,旨在使武术运动成为一项全能的体育项目,更有利于进入奥运会。

对青少年足球运动员意识形成的探讨

足球意识是指在观察力、判断力、动作效应、战术思维和自我控制能力；要有效地发展青少年足球运动员的战术意识，提高技、战术水平，关键在于训练和培养。

“套路是技击的基础,技击是套路的运用”之质疑

通过访谈、问卷调查、文献资料等对“套路是技击的基础,技击是套路的运用”这句在武术运动中常常听到的 观点进行了分析论证,结果证实套路运动和技击运动虽有着很深的渊源联系,而实际上应是两种不同的体育运动。

功靠操练 法靠实践——谈太极拳的力、功力、劲力与技巧

一、力力,一般指力气、力量。力是动物筋肉效能的大小和量度,也是构成技击运动最根本的要素。力有直力、横力、虚力、实力之分,直力露于外、横力隐藏于内,虚力性刚、实力性柔。未学拳者力直而方,滞而不速,散而不聚,浮而不沉,钝而不锐,是不具灵活变化和突然爆发的拙力、蛮力。

《韩非子》与技击——技击四步曲

序曲一"鄙谚曰:长袖善舞,多钱善贾。此言多资之易为工也。故治强易为谋,弱乱难为计。故用于秦者,十变而谋希失;用于燕者,一变而计希得。非用于秦者必智,用于燕者必愚也,盖治乱之资异也。"韩非子在这里说的是条件越优越就越容易把事情做好。对于一个强盛的国家就很容易给它出主意。

探究影响大学生跆拳道选手动态平衡能力的制约因素

目的为大学生跆拳道选手动态平衡评估、性别能力差异及制约影响人体动态平衡能力关键因子提供预测指标与理论参考。方法采用实验测试法、文献资料法及数理统计分析等对以跆拳道运动员为研究样本群体的垂直跳、体重、坐姿体前弯、身高、六角敏捷、动态平衡(YBT)等指标予以探究。结果1)二因子混合设计变异数分析表明不同性别大学生跆拳道选手Y字平衡测验数值存在不同程度显著性差异,不同性别大学生跆拳道选手双脚YBT组内未呈现显著性差异;2)皮尔森积差相关与回归分析表明下肢爆发力是导致大学生不同性别跆拳道选手动态平衡表现差异的关键因子,附属衍生的身高、肌力、垂直跳高度等也是重要因子;3)惯用与非惯用脚YBT因子类别及解释量大小呈显著差异。结论1)动态平衡能力能够显著提升大学生跆拳道选手运动表现及减少运动损伤;2)惯用脚与非惯用脚及不同性别的YBT能力与下肢肌力、神经肌肉控制下的动作技术、身高体重等主客观因素显著耦联相关。

Cooperative co-evolution based distributed path planning of multiple mobile robots

This paper proposes novel multiple-mobile-robot collision avoidance path planning based on cooperative co-evolution,which can be executed fully distributed and in parallel. A real valued co-evolutionary algorithm is developed to coordinate the movement of multiple robots in 2D world, avoiding C-space or grid net searching. The collision avoidance is achieved by cooperatively co-evolving segments of paths and the time interval to pass them. Methods for constraint handling, which are developed for evolutionary algorithm, make the path planning easier. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated on a number of 2Dpath planning problems.

Dynamics model of underwater robot motion control in 6 degrees of freedom

In order to analyze underwater robot control system dynamics features, a system 6-DOF dynamics model was founded. Underwater robot linear and nonlinear hydrodynamics were analyzed by Taylor series, based on general motion equation. Special control system motion equation was deduced by cluster of inertial items and non-inertial items. For program convenience, motion equation matrix format was presented. Experimental principles of screw propellers, rudders and wings were discussed. Experimental data least-square curve fitting, interpolation and their corresponding traditional equation helped us to obtain the whole system dynamic response procedure. A series of simulation experiments show that the dynamics model is correct and reliable. The model can provide theory proof for analyzing underwater robot motion control system physics characters and provide a mathematic model for traditional control method.

Building Warships and Nurturing Technical Talent at the Foochow Navy Yard during the Self-Strengthening Movement

In 1866, after the Opium Wars, the Chinese official Zuo Zongtang established the Foochow Navy Yard, which aimed to facilitate the independent construction of modern warships. French advisers, engineers, teachers, and craftsmen were hired, and a series of French schools for naval construction, drawing, and apprenticeship were set up. Previous studies have nearly exhausted the historical material on the Foochow Navy Yard, but few of them give an exact evaluation on its shipbuilding and educational levels. This paper traces the French sources on the shipbuilding technology and educational system at the Foochow Navy Yard and conducts a comparative study. With the guidance and assistance of foreigners, the Foochow Navy Yard gained the ability to assemble ships and imitate engines, while it remained necessary to import design drawings and structural components. The most outstanding students that the navy yard nurtured may have reached the level of école Polytechnique graduates, but the quality of students was hard to maintain. The backwardness of its conceptualization and the lack of financial and political support also contributed to its decline.

Concussion management in soccer

Brain injuries in sports drew more and more public attentions in recent years. Brain injuries vary by name, type, and severity in the athletic setting. It should be noted, however, that these injuries are not isolated to only the athletic arena, as non-athletic mechanisms （e.g., motor vehicle accidents） are more common causes of traumatic brain injuries （TBI） among teenagers. Notwithstanding, as many as 1.6 to 3.8 million TBI result from sports and recreation each year in the United States alone. These injuries are extremely costly to the global health care system, and make TBI among the most expensive conditions to treat in children. This article serves to define common brain injuries in sport; describe their prevalence, what happens to the brain following injury, how to recognize and manage these injuries, and what you can expect as the athlete recovers. Some return-to-activity considerations for the brain-injured athlete will also be discussed.

Kinetic studies on extra heavy crude oil upgrading using nanocatalysts by applying CFD techniques

Regarding the growth of global energy consumption and the paucity of light crude oil, extracting and using heavy and extra heavy crude oil has received much more attention, but the application of this kind of oil is complicated due to its very high molecular weight. High viscosity and low flowability complicate the transportation of heavy and extra heavy crude oil. Accordingly, it is essential to reduce the viscosity of heavy and extra heavy crude oil through in-situ operations or immediate actions after extraction to reduce costs. Numerical simulations are influential methods, because they reduce calculation time and costs. In this study, the cracking of extra heavy crude oil using computational fluid dynamics is simulated, and a unique kinetic model is proposed based on experimental procedures to predict the behavior of extra heavy crude oil cracking reaction. Moreover, the hydrodynamics and heat transfer of the system and influence of nanocatalysts and temperature on the upgrading of crude oil are studied. The geometry of a reactor is produced using commercial software, and some experiments are performed to examine the validity and accuracy of the numerical results. The findings reveal that there is a good agreement between the numerical and experimental results. Furthermore, to investigate the main factors affecting the process, sensitivity analysis is adopted. Results show that type of catalyst and concentration of catalyst are the parameters that influence the viscosity reduction of extra heavy crude oil the most. The findings further revealed that when using a 25 nm SiO_2 nanocatalyst, a maximum viscosity reduction of 98.67% is observed at 623 K. Also, a catalyst concentration of 2.28 wt% is best for upgrading extra heavy crude oil. The results obtained through sensitivity analysis, simulation model, and experiments represent effectual information for the design and development of high performance upgrading processes for energy applications.

Assessing proprioception:A critical review of methods

To control movement,the brain has to integrate proprioceptive information from a variety of mechanoreceptors.The role of proprioception in daily activities,exercise,and sports has been extensively investigated,using different techniques,yet the proprioceptive mechanisms underlying human movement control are still unclear.In the current work we have reviewed understanding of proprioception and the three testing methods:threshold to detection of passive motion,joint position reproduction,and active movement extent discrimination,all of which have been used for assessing proprioception.The origin of the methods,the different testing apparatus,and the procedures and protocols used in each approach are compared and discussed.Recommendations are made for choosing an appropriate technique when assessing proprioceptive mechanisms in different contexts.

Simulation of the Clustering Phenomenon in a Fast Fluidized Bed: The Importance of Drag Correlation

Drag force is a key parameter in the numerical modeling of gas-particle flow in circulating fluidized beds. The reliability of current drag force correlations over the regime of fast fluidization has, however, not been thoroughly investigated. In this article, a drag force correlation accounting for the clustering effects for Geldart A particles is used to simulate the behaviors typical of fast fluidization, including dynamic evolution of clusters as well as time- averaged axial and lateral voidage profiles. Diverse images of clusters are captured and the time-averaged profiles of voidage are shown to be in quantitative agreement with the present empirical correlation. The results based on different constitutive correlations of drag force show the importance of the choice of drag force in modeling fast-fluidized beds. This drag force correlation, based on a simple averaging assumption, could give some basic insights about the magnitude of the drag reduction.

Alternative Fuzzy Cluster Segmentation of Remote Sensing Images Based on Adaptive Genetic Algorithm

Remote sensing image segmentation is the basis of image understanding and analysis. However,the precision and the speed of segmentation can not meet the need of image analysis,due to strong uncertainty and rich texture details of remote sensing images. We proposed a new segmentation method based on Adaptive Genetic Algorithm(AGA) and Alternative Fuzzy C-Means(AFCM) . Segmentation thresholds were identified by AGA. Then the image was segmented by AFCM. The results indicate that the precision and the speed of segmentation have been greatly increased,and the accuracy of threshold selection is much higher compared with traditional Otsu and Fuzzy C-Means(FCM) segmentation methods. The segmentation results also show that multi-thresholds segmentation has been achieved by combining AGA with AFCM.

Self-organized evolution of mechanism kinetic scheme based on axiomatic design

The self-organized evolution technology of the mechanism kinetic scheme based on axiomatic design is presented. This technology tries to express the constraints between kinetic mechanisms briefly in a semantic form which is more familiar to the designers. Through the mapping process between the kinetic chain unit and the unit instance, the evolution from abstract unit to concrete engineering instance is achieved. The subdivision of unit coupling semantics is studied, and the evolution of semantics is finished. Also, the semantic constraints evolution of unit coupling semantics is described. The product structure models with function and assembly meanings are constructed based on the kinematic chain unit and unit coupling. It provides a basis to realize the inheritance and transfer of constraint information from conceptual design to design for assembly （DFA）. As the engineering practice result shows, the method can help the engineers express their And the automation, recursion and design intension more clearly and naturally in a high semantic level. visualization of the mechanism kinetic scheme design are realized

Detection technique of moving target based on passive millimeter wave

To solve the problem of insufficient ability when detecting the high-speed moving target with passive millimeter wave technology, a direct-detection passive millimeter wave detecting system using the monolithic microwave integrated cir- cuit （MMIC） millimeter wave radiometer is built, and the measured data are obtained by experiment under different condi- tions. Based on feature analysis of testing signals, it points out that the peak of the first pulse and interval of two peak pulses are valid features which can reflect the motion characteristic of target. A method to calculate the moving speed of target is put forward. The calculating results indicate that the proposed method has enough accuracy and is feasible to determine the parameters of the moving target using for passive millimeter wave system.

Ensemble learning HMM for motion recognition and retrieval by Isomap dimension reduction

Along with the development of motion capture technique, more and more 3D motion databases become available. In this paper, a novel approach is presented for motion recognition and retrieval based on ensemble HMM (hidden Markov model) learning. Due to the high dimensionality of motion’s features, Isomap nonlinear dimension reduction is used for training data of ensemble HMM learning. For handling new motion data, Isomap is generalized based on the estimation of underlying eigen- functions. Then each action class is learned with one HMM. Since ensemble learning can effectively enhance supervised learning, ensembles of weak HMM learners are built. Experiment results showed that the approaches are effective for motion data recog- nition and retrieval.