A Multi-layer Information Integration Platform for Chemical Process Operation Systems

In the process industry, automation and process control systems are widely implemented, information integration is however far away from satisfactory. It remains a hard job for senior managers to make decisions based on the plant-wide real-time integrated information. This paper proposes a multi-layer information integration platform. In the data integration level, the standard for the exchange of product (STEP) and the extensible markup language (XML) are used to unify these data of the chemical process. In the model integration level, the models are integrated by using the neutral model repository and CAPE-OPEN. In the integration of process task, the common object request broker architecture (CORBA) is used as the communication mediator. The XML is taken as the data standard. A uniform information platform is thus constructed and realized. The proposed information integration platform is satisfactorily implemented to solve the Tennessee Eastman (TE) problem.

A Comparison of Arithmetic Operations for Dynamic Process Optimization Approach

A comparison of arithmetic operations of two dynamic process optimization approaches called quasi-sequential approach and reduced Sequential Quadratic Programming(rSQP)simultaneous approach with respect to equality constrained optimization problems is presented.Through the detail comparison of arithmetic operations,it is concluded that the average iteration number within differential algebraic equations(DAEs)integration of quasi-sequential approach could be regarded as a criterion.One formula is given to calculate the threshold value of average iteration number.If the average iteration number is less than the threshold value,quasi-sequential approach takes advantage of rSQP simultaneous approach which is more suitable contrarily.Two optimal control problems are given to demonstrate the usage of threshold value.For optimal control problems whose objective is to stay near desired operating point,the iteration number is usually small.Therefore,quasi-sequential approach seems more suitable for such problems.

Risk Assessment Based on Fault Tree Analysis for Damaged Pipe Repair During Operation in Petrochemical Plant

In petrochemical plant, the in-operation repairing is usually a repairing strategy with pressured inoperation repairing for avoiding huge economic losses caused by unplanned shutdown when some slight local leakage happens in pipes. This paper studies the effects of repairing strategies on the failure probability of the pipe systems in process industries based on the time-average fault tree approach, especially the in-operation repairing strategies including pressured in-operation repairing activities. The fault tree model can predict the effect of different repairing plans on the pipe failure probability, which is significant to the optimization of the repairing plans. At first pipes are distinguished into four states in this model, i.e., successive state, flaw state, leakage state and failure state. Then the fault tree approach, which is usually applied in the studies of dynamic equipment, is adopted to model the pipe failure. Moreover, the effect of pressured in-operation repairing is also considered in the model. In addition, this paper proposes a series of time-average parameters of the fault tree model, all of which are used to calculate node parameters of the fault tree model. At last, a practical case is calculated based on the fault tree model in a repairing activity of pipe thinning.

China's Optimal Industrial Structure:Theoretical Model and Econometric Estimation

With analysis of producer's and factor supplier's dual optimization motives,this paper developed an optimal nominal output growth rate model that can conduct quantified estimation.Result of estimation of China's optimal industrial structure between1992 and 2009 indicates that optimal nominal output growth rate model has successfully quantified the impact of major events occurring in the process of China's economic operation on the level of deviation between actual industrial structure and optimal industrial structure.Quantitative indicators involved in this model can provide industrial policy instruments for the Chinese government in developing and adjusting industrial structure targets,optimizing resource allocation and advancing industrial structure optimization and upgrade.

Experiment investigation on visualization and operating characteristics of closed loop plate oscillating heat pipe with parallel channels

Using ethanol or acetone as the working fluid, visualization of oscillations in steady state was observed visually by high-speed cameras, and temperature oscillating and heat transfer characteristics of closed-loop plate oscillating heat pipe with parallel channels(POHP-PC) were experimentally investigated by varying liquid filled ratios(50%, 70%, 85%), section scales(1 mm×1 mm and 1 mm×1.5 mm), inclination angles, working fluids and heating inputs. It was found that during operating there was mixed flow consisting of plug flow and annular flow in channels of oscillating heat pipe at steady-state. There was an equilibrium position for working fluid of condenser during oscillating, and periodic oscillations occurred up and down in the vicinity of equilibrium position. With heat input increasing, equilibrium position rose slowly as a result of vapor pressure of evaporation.Evaporation temperature oscillating amplitude possessed a trend of small-large-small and frequency trend was of small-large during steady-state. It may be generally concluded that temperature, whether evaporator or condenser, fluctuated sharply or rose continuously when oscillating heat pipe coming to dry burning state. Simultaneously, it was found that temperature difference of cooling water possibly dropped with heat input rising during dry burning state. Thermal resistance of No. 2 with acetone was lower than that of No. 1 during experiments, but No. 2 achieving heat transfer limit was earlier than No. 1. However, with ethanol, thermal resistance of No. 1 and No. 2 were similar with the heating input less than 110-120 W and filling ratios of 50% and 70%. And with filling ratio of 85%, heating transfer performance of No. 2 was better compared to No. 1 during all the experiments.

Barbed congruence of the asymmetric chi calculus

The ehi calculus is a model of mobile processes. It has evolved from the pi-calculus with motivations from simplification aml communication-as-cut-eliminatinn. This paper studies the ehi calculus in the framework incorporating asymmetric communication. The major feature of the calculus is the identification of two actions： x/x and τ. The investigalion on the barbed bisimilarity shows how the property affects the observational theory. Based on the definition of the barbed bisimilarity, the simulation properties of the barbed bisimilarity are studied. It shows that the algebraic properties of the barbed bisimiilarity have changed greatly compared with the chi calculus.Although the definition of the barbed bisimilarity is very simple, the properly of closeness under contexts makes it difficuh to understand the barbed bisimilarity directly. Therefore an open style definition of the barbed bisimilarity is given, which is a context free description of barbed bisimilarity. Its definition is complex, but it is a well-behaved relation for it coincides with the barbed bisimilarity. It also helps to build an axiomatization system for the bathed congruence. Besides the axioms for the strong barbed bisimilarity, the paper proposes a new tau law and four new update laws for the barbed congruence. Both the operational and algebraic properties of the enriched calculus improve the understanding of the bisimulation behaviors of the model.

CFD simulation of effect of anode configuration on gas–liquid flow and alumina transport process in an aluminum reduction cell

Numerical simulations of gas–liquid two-phase flow and alumina transport process in an aluminum reduction cell were conducted to investigate the effects of anode configurations on the bath flow, gas volume fraction and alumina content distributions. An Euler–Euler two-fluid model was employed coupled with a species transport equation for alumina content. Three different anode configurations such as anode without a slot, anode with a longitudinal slot and anode with a transversal slot were studied in the simulation. The simulation results clearly show that the slots can reduce the bath velocity and promote the releasing of the anode gas, but can not contribute to the uniformity of the alumina content. Comparisons of the effects between the longitudinal and transversal slots indicate that the longitudinal slot is better in terms of gas–liquid flow but is disadvantageous for alumina mixing and transport process due to a decrease of anode gas under the anode bottom surface. It is demonstrated from the simulations that the mixing and transfer characteristics of alumina are controlled to great extent by the anode gas forces while the electromagnetic forces(EMFs) play the second role.

Effects of Mechanical Impacts on Hatchability of Broiler Breeders

Transporting hatching eggs from Hungary and incubating them abroad revealed lower hatchability compared to when the eggs were incubated in Hungary. Following transport, there were higher embryo losses and, notably, more malformed embryos. The aim of these initial trials was to determine if a testing device （crazy fit massage machine （CFM machine）） was able to replicate and model the mechanical impacts experienced during transport and reproduce the reduction in hatchability and increase the level of malformed embryos as observed in commercial practice. Tinytag~ high sensitivity shock and vibration loggers were used to monitor the impacts under field and trial conditions. Applying single 10 min treatments on the CFM machine, which used the same frequency （10-30 Hz） as the eggs experience under field conditions, induced the negative effect of transport, and lower hatching results were experienced. Three trials were conducted. Treated eggs in Trials 1 and 2 received automatically and periodical changing vibration in a range between 10-30 Hz for 10 min while in Trial 3 two different levels of impact were applied at 20 Hz and 30 Hz, respectively. Hatchability decreased due to the treatment significatly only in Trial 3. Significant differences were also detected in early dead levels in Trials 2 and 3 and the occurrences of malformation in Trials 1 and 3. All these results are in accordance with the field experience. Thus, the trials which examined the equipment were able to produce mechanical impacts that were repeatable in order to set up statistically reliable trials on hatching eggs.

The senior sports situation under the trend of aging process and the strategy of it

abstract： According to the new situation and problems in the aging process, we will try to analyze the current situation and features of the aging process from the point of sociology by investigation and document literature. By analyzing the severe aging problems, we will know about the leisure sporting activities of the old people. Sports is a very useful way to slow down the pace of getting old. Through the efforts of the whole society, we can take full advantage of sports to slow down the aging process and make the senior sports a healthy and scientific development direction. Keywords： population aging Sports Strategy

Fuzzy Earthwork Dynamic Allocation and Optimization for Construction of High Concrete Face Rockfill Dam

Due to the complexity of earthwork allocation system for the construction of high concrete face rockfill dam,traditional allocation and planning are not able to function properly in the construction process with strong randomness.In this paper,the working mechanism of earthwork dynamic allocation system is analyzed comprehensively and a solution to fuzzy earthwork dynamic allocation is proposed on the basis of uncertain factors in the earthwork allocation of a hydropower project.Under the premise of actual situation and the experience of the construction site,an all-coefficient-fuzzy linear programming mathematical model with fuzzy parameters and constraints for earthwork allocation is established according to the structure unit weighted ranking criteria.In this way,the deficiency of certain allocation model can be overcome.The application results indicate that the proposed method is more rational compared with traditional earthwork allocation.

A Few Remarks on Milburn Equation

After presenting the infinite operator-sum form solution to the Milburn equation dp/dt=γ（UρU^f - ρ）=γU[p, Uf], where U=e^-iH/hγ, and verifying that this equation preserves the three necessary conditions of density operators during time evolution, we prove that the yon Neumann entropy increases with time. We also point out that if A and B both obey the Milburn equation, then theproduct AB obeys （d/dt）（AB） = γU[AB, U^f]-（1/γ）（dA/dt）（dB/dt）, which violates the Milburn equation, this reflects that a pure state will evolve to a mixture in general

Run-to-run Optimization for Fed-batch Fermentation Process with Swarm Energy Conservation Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

An iterative optimization strategy for fed-batch fermentation process is presented by combining a run-to-run optimization with swarm energy conservation particle swarm optimization (SEC-PSO). SEC-PSO, which is designed with the concept of energy conservation, can solve the problem of premature convergence frequently appeared in standard PSO algorithm by partitioning its population into several sub-swarms according to the energy of the swarm and is used in the optimization strategy for parameter identification and operation condition optimization. The run-to-run optimization exploits the repetitive nature of fed-batch processes in order to deal with the optimal problems of fed-batch fermentation process with inaccurate process model and unsteady process state. The kinetic model parameters, used in the operation condition optimization of the next run, are adjusted by calculating time-series data obtained from real fed-batch process in the run-to-run optimization. The simulation results show that the strategy can adjust its kinetic model dynamically and overcome the instability of fed-batch process effectively. Run-to-run strategy with SEC-PSO provides an effective method for optimization of fed-batch fermentation process.

Structural Optimization of a Novel Up-run Gas-solid Separator

A new gas-solid separator dedicated to heavy-oil fast pyrolysis process incorporating inertial and centrifugal separation was designed. Gas and typical fluid catalytic cracking （FCC） catalyst particles （with a density of 1500 kg/m3, and a mean diameter of 45.81 p.m） were used in the study. The inlet gas velocity was kept constant at 13.36 m/s, while the solid loading at the inlet ranged from 0 to 700 g/m3. When the exhaust pipe opening was provided with two narrow-width slots near the inlet without baffles, the solid collection efficiency increased with an increasing solid loading at the inlet and was close to 95% along with a decreasing pressure drop. After increasing the secondary separation structure, the separation efficiency greatly improved. By adjusting the diameter of the secondary exhaust pipe, the separation efficiency and pressure drop could be balanced. Under the experimental conditions, when the diameter of the second exhaust pipe was equal to d=100 mm, the pressure drop was lower than 1400 Pa while the separation efficiency could exceed 99.50%; and when the diameter was equal to d=120 mm, the pressure drop was less than 700 Pa, with the separation efficiency reaching over 99.00%.

Development of L-Type Fixation Equipment for Transporting Unit Modules

The unit modular technique is one in which unit modules are prefabricated in a factory and then constructed at a construction site. That is why an important process, transport of unit module, is added in this technique. However, it is not easy to transport a unit module that is high prefabrication ratio （prefab. ratio） （70-90%）, since the walls and interior and exterior materials installed in it can become broken when the unit module is fixed using general fixation tools, including ropes and fixing belts. When the external wall, windows, etc. are damaged during the transportation, the efficiency of unit modular method is deteriorated. Taking this into account, the purpose of this study is to develop an improved fixation device that is convenient for fixing a unit module with a high prefab, ratio to a vehicle and securing the safety while running. The L-type adapter block proposed in this study was evaluated the structural safety through simulation method. The result of the simulation is that it seems desirable to set the working load of the L-type adapter block as 15 kN for Case 1 and 30 kN for Case 2. Therefore, when the L-type adapter block is utilized under the conditions in which the same load is applied as in Case 2, it is expected that safety will be improved.

Crystal fractionation of granitic magma during its non-transport processes： A physics-based perspective

Granitic continental crust distinguishes the Earth from other planets in the Solar System. Consequently, for understanding terrestrial continent development, it is of great significance to investigate the formation and evolution of granite.Crystal fractionation is one of principal magma evolution mechanisms. Nevertheless, it is controversial whether crystal fractionation can effectively proceed in felsic magma systems because of the high viscosity and non-Newtonian behavior associated with granitic magmas. In this paper, we focus on the physical processes and evaluate the role of crystal fractionation in the evolution of granitic magmas during non-transport processes, i.e., in magma chambers and after emplacement. Based on physical calculations and analyses, we suggest that general mineral particles can settle only at tiny speed(~10^(-9)–10^(-7) m s^(-1))in a granitic magma body due to high viscosity of the magma; however, the cumulating can be interrupted with convection in magma chambers, and the components of magma chambers will tend to be homogeneous. Magma convection ceases once the magma chamber develops into a mush(crystallinity, F>~40–50%). The interstitial melts can be extracted by hindered settling and compaction, accumulating gradually and forming a highly silicic melt layer. The high silica melts can further evolve into high-silica granite or high-silica rhyolite. At various crystallinities, multiple rejuvenation of the mush and the following magma intrusion may generate a granite complex with various components. While one special type of granites, represented by the South China lithium-and fluoride-rich granite, has lower viscosity and solidus relative to general granitic magmas, and may form vertical zonation in mineral-assemblage and composition through crystal fractionation. Similar fabrics in general intrusions that show various components on small lengthscales are not the result of gravitational settling. Rather, the flowage differentiation may play a key role. In general, granitic magma can undergo effective crystal fractionation; high-silica granite and volcanics with highly fractionated characteristics may be the products of crystal fractionation of felsic magmas, and many granitoids may be cumulates.