鄂西北私盐运道概略

在清代严格的盐法制度下,鄂西北地区本属淮盐引地,但远离淮盐产区,却毗邻川盐、潞盐、芦盐产地或引地,为私盐的盛行创造了便利条件。私盐贩和鄂西北地区的人民共同开拓了庞杂的运盐通道,部分解决了当地人们的吃盐问题。同时也使本区出现了严重的私盐问题,即便是政府花费了极大的气力,终有清一代也没有解决,这当然与鄂西北地区庞杂的私盐运输孔道有着密切的关系。

东欢坨3086运道沿老空区高效掘进的探索及实践

今年以来,煤业公司生产形势极其严峻,开滦(集团)东欢坨3086工作面作为我矿的一个主力工作面.如何在这样复杂的条件下打造出高效掘进工作面,意义非常重大。3086运道高效掘进的探索与实践,保证了工作面的正常衔接。

开发胶莱河运道的设想

1.简介 胶莱河沟通黄海胶州湾和渤海莱州湾,并因此而得名。胶莱河流域面积5531平方公里,是我省内陆和半岛的分界线,它流经莱州、昌邑、平度、高密、胶州五市,全长达130公里(见附图)。该河在平度姚家村一带为分水岭,姚家以南30公里,在胶州市前店口与大沽河汇流后入胶州湾。姚家以北100公里,在莱州市海仓口入莱州湾。

古代的粮食储备与运输

中国古代非常重视粮食储备,设置了从中央到地方功能各异的仓储。粮食运输以水运最为便捷、价廉,故大开运河,整修内河航运,在河道沿线设置大量漕仓。粮食生产和保存都有一定的周期,所以漕运的数量并非越多越好,而是需要有一定的数额。为保障漕运,隋唐以来政府非常重视河道治理,成本越来越高。晚清因黄河泛滥,运河阻塞,河道治理成本太高,导致运河漕运无法实施,粮食运输方式随之发生了改变,海运和铁路运输逐渐取代了运河漕运,仓储设置也由此发生变化。

试论明清长芦盐业重心的北移

长芦盐业自“汉以来率皆注重沧州”,沧州不仅是“盐产中心”,而且为“盐运总汇之区”,管理长芦盐业的机构———长芦盐运司又驻其地,因此,直至明中叶,长芦盐业的重心一直在沧州。但明中叶以降,长芦盐业的重心逐渐北移,到清代,天津则取代沧州成为长芦盐业的重心。运道的变迁和晒盐技术的推广是长芦盐业重心北移的关键。

运河的兴废与开封的盛衰

开封是我国六大古都之一,素有“七朝古都”之称。 开封兴起于春秋战国之际;发展于隋唐时期;鼎盛于北宋时代;衰落于金、元以后。历史上开封所处的三个兴盛时期,也正是中原地区运河发达的时期。北宋以后,由于运河的湮废,开封也走向衰落。可以说,开封的盛衰,是与运河的兴废息息相关的。

Frequency responses of immersing tunnel element under wave actions

The immersion of large-scale tunnel elements is one of the most important working procedures in the construction of an underwater immersed tunnel. To investigate the dynamic characteristics of tunnel element in the process of immersion, based on the twin-barge immersing operation method, the frequency-domain analysis of the tunnel element motions under wave actions was made. The linear wave diffraction theory and the three-dimensional source distribution method were applied to calculate the wave loads and motion responses of the tunnel element under different incident wave conditions. In the study, movement of the two barges in the water was assumed to be small and was ignored. Cable tension was computed by the static method. On the basis of the above theories, a computer program was made, and two cases were taken to check the validity of the program. The results showed that wave loads acting on the immersed tunnel element are relatively large near the water surface, and they decrease with the increase of immersing depth of the tunnel element. Wave loads first increase, then decrease, with the increase of wave period. The motion responses of the tunnel element are also generally large near the water surface and decrease as the immersing depth increases.

明代常镇运河的利用和整治

明代漕河因地为号,分为白漕、卫漕、闸漕、河漕、湖漕、江漕和浙漕共七段。江南运河即浙漕,起自京口闸,终于杭州北郭务,全长近七百里。明代国家财赋主要仰赖东南,每年有二百余万石粮通过运河北运。因此运河是明代经济的重要命脉, 常镇运河是江南运河的西北部分,是明代东南漕运的关键地段。“三吴之粟,必由常镇”,它可以说明常镇运河在明代漕运中的地位和作用。本文主要分析明代常镇运河的利用和整治,以恢复明代常镇运河通航的历史,从中了解运河利用中的得失,以指导我们现在的运河利用和整治工作。

新春祝语

国家科技部重点研究项目.中药大品种葛根的综合开发及利用实施单位——江西宋氏葛业集团祝福全国读者新年人旺、财旺、运道旺.事事如意.合家幸福.好品种很重要,好模式更重要,新技术特重要,老一套不能要。安徽省光战桃树研究所祝您猪年吉祥.财源广进.

中国古代运河工程(五)

褒斜道 黄河运道受到三门峡的限制,而三门峡问题又解决不了,这使朝廷内外忐忑不安,连汉武帝也为此纳闷发愁。 一天,忽报有人上书,建议从关东到关中,不走黄河运道而另辟蹊径,即开凿褒斜道以沟通汉水和渭水运道。这一建议由御史大夫张汤代为奏报。据《史记·河渠书》记载:“穿褒斜道,少阪,近四百里。而褒水通沔(笔者注:沔水是汉水的古代名称),斜水通渭,皆可以行船漕。

Intestinal mucosal adaptation

Intestinal failure is a condition characterized by malnutrition and/or dehydration as a result of the inadequate digestion and absorption of nutrients. The most common cause of intestinal failure is short bowel syndrome, which occurs when the functional gut mass is reduced below the level necessary for adequate nutrient and water absorption. This condition may be congenital, or may be acquired as a result of a massive resection of the small bowel. Following resection, the intestine is capable of adaptation in response to enteral nutrients as well as other trophic stimuli. Identifying factors that may enhance the process of intestinal adaptation is an exciting area of research with important potential clinical applications.

Intestinal sugar transport

Carbohydrates are an important component of the diet. The carbohydrates that we ingest range from simple monosaccharides （glucose, fructose and galactose） to disaccharides （lactose, sucrose） to complex polysaccharides. Most carbohydrates are digested by salivary and pancreatic amylases, and are further broken down into monosaccharides by enzymes in the brush border membrane （BBM） of enterocytes. For example, lactase-phloridzin hydrolase and sucraseisomaltase are two disaccharidases involved in the hydrolysis of nutritionally important disaccharides. Once monosaccharides are presented to the BBM, mature enterocytes expressing nutrient transporters transport the sugars into the enterocytes. This paper reviews the early studies that contributed to the development of a working model of intestinal sugar transport, and details the recent advances made in understanding the process by which sugars are absorbed in the intestine.

Molecular dynamics simulation of ion transportation through graphene nanochannels

The model of ion transportation through graphene nanochannels is established by the molecular dynamics simulation method. Statistics of the electric potential and charge distribution are made, respectively, on both sides of graphene nanopore with various diameters. Then, their changing relationship with respect to the nanopore diameter is determined. When applying a uniform electric field, polar water molecules are rearranged so that the corresponding relationship between the polarized degree of these molecules and the nanopore diameter can be created. Based on the theoretical model of ion transportation through nanochannels,the changing relationship between the concentration of anions/cations in nanochannels and bulk solution concentration is quantitatively analyzed. The results show that the increase of potential drop and charge accumulation, as well as a more obvious water polarization, will occur with the decrease of nanopore diameter. In addition, hydrogen ion concentration has a large proportion in nanochannels with a sodium chloride（NaCl） solution at a relative low concentration. As the NaCl concentration increases, the concentration appreciation of sodium ions tends to be far greater than the concentration drop of chloride ions. Therefore, sodium ion concentration makes more contribution to ionic conductance.

Growth hormone regulates intestinal ion transport through a modulation of the constitutive nitric oxide synthase-nitric oxide-cAMP pathway

AIM： Growth hormone （GH） directly interacts with the enterocyte stimulating ion absorption and reducing ion secretion induced by agonists of cAMR Since nitric oxide （NO） is involved in the regulation of transepithelial ion transport and acts as a second messenger for GH hemodynamic effects, we tested the hypothesis that NO may be involved in the resulting effects of GH on intestinal ion transport. METHODS： Electrical parameters reflecting transepithelial ion transport were measured in Caco-2 cell monolayers mounted in Ussing chambers and exposed to GH and cholera toxin （CT） alone or in combination, in the presence or absence of the NO synthase （NOS） inhibitor, Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester （L-NAME）. Similar experiments were conducted to determine cAMP and nitrite/nitrate concentrations. NOS expression was assayed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS： L-NAME causes total abrogation of absorptive and antisecretory effects by GH on intestinal ion transport, In addition, L-NAME was able to inhibit the GH-effects on intracellular cAMP concentration under basal conditions and in response to CT, GH induced a Ca^2＋ -dependent increase of nitrites/nitrates production, indicating the involvement of the constitutive rather than the inducible NOS isoform, which was directly confirmed by Western blot analysis. CONCLUSION： These results suggest that the GH effects on intestinal ion transport, either under basal conditions or in the presence of cAMP-stimulated ion secretion, are mediated at an intracellular level by the activity of cNOS.

Endurance exercise and gut microbiota:A review

Background: The physiological and biochemical demands of intense exercise elicit both muscle-based and systemic responses. The main adaptations to endurance exercise include the correction of electrolyte imbalance, a decrease in glycogen storage and the increase of oxidative stress, intestinal permeability, muscle damage, and systemic inflammatory response. Adaptations to exercise might be influenced by the gut microbiota, which plays an important role in the production, storage, and expenditure of energy obtained from the diet as well as in inflammation,redox reactions, and hydration status.Methods: A systematic and comprehensive search of electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Scopus, Clinical Trials.gov, Science Direct,Springer Link, and EMBASE was done. The search process was completed using the keywords: "endurance", "exercise", "immune response","microbiota", "nutrition", and "probiotics".Results: Reviewed literature supports the hypothesis that intestinal microbiota might be able to provide a measureable, effective marker of an athlete's immune function and that microbial composition analysis might also be sensitive enough to detect exercise-induced stress and metabolic disorders. The review also supports the hypothesis that modifying the microbiota through the use of probiotics could be an important therapeutic tool to improve athletes' overall general health, performance, and energy availability while controlling inflammation and redox levels.Conclusion: The present review provides a comprehensive overview of how gut microbiota may have a key role in controlling the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses as well as improving metabolism and energy expenditure during intense exercise.

Features of pipe transportation of paste-like backfilling in deep mine

Based on the pipe transportation of paste-like backfilling system of a certain deep coal mine,its dynamics process was simulated and analyzed.A two-dimensional dynamic model of extraordinary deep and lone pipe was built by GAMBIT,on the basis of which the simulation was done by implicit solver of FLUENT 2ddp.The results show that hydraulic loss of pipe transportation is less than the pressure produced by gravity,which means the backfilling material can flow by itself.When the inlet velocity is 3.2 m/s,the maximum velocity of 4.10 m/s is at the elbow and the maximum velocity in the horizontal pipe is 3.91 m/s,which can both meet the stability requirement.The results of the simulation are proved to be reliable by the residual monitor plotting of related parameter,so it can be concluded that the system of pipe transportation is safe.

Paste-like self-flowing transportation backfilling technology based on coal gangue

A paste-like self-flowing pipeline transportation backfilling technology with coal gangue as aggregate is proposed to remove the potential damage caused by coal gangue piles. As well, the difficult problems of recovering high quality safety coal pillars and deep mining of the Suncun Coal Mine （SCM）, Xinwen Coal Group, Shandong are resolved. The physical-chemical properties of coal gangue, optimized proportion of materials, backfilling system and craft in the SCM were studied in the laboratory and then an industrial test was carried out on high quality coal pillars under a town. The results show that finely crushed kaolinized and fresh gangue with granularity less than 5 mm can be used as aggregate with fly ash to replace part of the cement and a composite water reducer as an additive, accounting for 1.0%-1.5% of the total amount of cement and fly ash. The recommended proportion is l（cement）：4（fly ash）： 15（coal gangue）, with a mass fraction of 72%-75%, rheoiogical paste-like properties and a strength of more than 0.7 MPa at 7 d. The sequence of adding cement, fly ash, water reducer and then coal gangue ensures that the suspended state of the slurry, reducing the wear and jam of pipelines. The working face is advancing continuously by the alternating craft of building block walls with coal gangue and backfilling mined-out gobs with paste-like slurry. The recovery rate is as high as 90% with a backfilling cost of 36.9 YuarffL good utilization of coal gangue and no subsidence on the surface. This technology provides a good theoretical basis and application experience for coal mines, cement backfilling with paste-like slurry.

Effects of spillway types on debris flow trajectory and scour behind a sabo dam

Debris flows are one of the common natural hazards in mountainous areas.They often cause devastating damage to the lives and property of local people.The sabo dam construction along a debris flow valley is considered to be a useful method for hazard mitigation.Previous work has concentrated on the different types of sabo dams such as close-type sabo dam,open-type sabo dam.However,little attention has been paid to the spillway structure of sabo dam.In the paper,a new type of spillway structure with lateral contraction was proposed.Debris flow patterns under four different spillway structures were investigated.The projection theory was employed to predict trajectory of debris flow out from the spillway and to estimate the incident angle and terminal velocity before it plunged into the scour hole behind the sabo dam.The results indicated that the estimated data were in good agreement with the experimental ones.The discrepancy between the estimated and experimental values of main parameters remained below 21.82%(relative error).Additionally,the effects of debris flow scales under different spillway structures were considered to study the scour law.Although the debris flow pattern and scour law behind the sabo dam under different operating conditions was analyzed in this paper,further study on the scour mechanism andthe maximum scour depth estimation based on scour theory is still required in the future.

New application notion of pipeline transport——integrated in industry solid waste innocuous and efficient disposition

In order to solve transport problems of industry solid,firstly,a new applicationnotion of pipeline transport was presented,that is to say,combining pretreatment andtransport with disposal techniques of industry solid waste.Secondly,the integrated dis-posal and transport system for industry solid waste was introduced,in particular,the oper-ating principles,equipment set-up,key technology and technical parameters.Next,thispaper illustrated the application of this integrated system.Such as it can transport coalsludge with sufficiently high solids content(about 72%～77%)and high apparent viscosity(about 1 000～3 000 Pa.s)directly by pipeline having no use for water and addition agent.Generally,the transport distance is about 1 000 m.This system has been successfullyused in innocuous disposition and efficient utilization of other industrial byproducts or solidwastes,such as city sludge and paper making waste.The integrated system causes nopollution to the environment for its complete seal and realizes protecting the environment,conserving the energy,promoting the development of cycling economic.Finally,the paperdiscussed the research works that were needed for studying such pipeline transport sys-tem and narrates the relevant condition and application status.

Study on characteristics of pipeline transportation and sulfur fixing of cleaned coal logs

As special cylindrical briquettes of coal for long distance pipeline transportation and directly cleaned combustion the cleaned coal logs should possess two characteristics of transportation in pipeline and cleaned combustion. In order to make cleaned coal logs a rational technology for manufacturing, cleaned coal logs was designed and compound sulfur fixing binders with high effects of binding and sulfur-fixing was selected and combined. In addition, by means of characteristic experiments of strength, wear, waterproof and sulfur-fixing five different cleaned coal logs made with different compound sulfur fixing binders in different compaction conditions was tested and measured. Experimental results indicated that the manufacturing technology of cleaned coal logs was reasonable and the combination of compound sulfur fixing binders was scientific. Cleaned coal logs made up with the fourth group of coal mixture had high strength, good waterproof property, efficient sulfur-fixing, good characteristic of transportation, and achieved the performance requirement for pipeline transportation and sulfur fixing.