Engineering education is an important issue in engineering practice, and engineering practice and characteristics can be seen through examining the history of early Chinese engineering education. During the period ran...Engineering education is an important issue in engineering practice, and engineering practice and characteristics can be seen through examining the history of early Chinese engineering education. During the period ranging from the 1860s to the middle of the 1890s, the westernization group set up a series of modern industrial and mining enterprises for military and civil use, making the implementation of modern engineering education become possible and necessary. Thanks to their efforts, many schools and old-style private schools for teaching knowledge about western science and technology and training senior engineering managements and talents were gradually founded in China. These modern education organizations are the source and beginning of Chinese engineering education, which is also the origin of modernization of Chinese engineering education. This article takes Fuzhou Shipping School for case studies, using a cultural anthropology approach to examine the overall status, basic characteristics, and impact evaluation of engineering education during the Westernization Movement in China. It reiterates the idea of that ＂engineering education should be returned to engineering practice,＂ and tries to explain the framework of the development of engineering education in China. Through conducting research, we find that the development of engineering education in modem China generally has the basic resources for realization of internationalization through ＂westernization＂ and localization through traditional culture and education and the general characteristics of diversification of social influence. During the development process, it has accumulated valuable experience for timely reform and gradual improvement of modernization： attaching importance to culture and cultivating qualified technical personnel; strictly requiring and building high-level schools and specialties; learning the advanced knowledge and bravely utilizing foreign educational resources; setting pragmatic and highly pertinent disciplines and specialties. It also left the society with thought-provoking lessons, namely, the lagging industrial production and social instability made the development severely restricted and obstructed; the unreasonable development layout resulted in the intensified imbalanced development in different regions; the bureaucracy nature imposed serious impact on efficiency and effectiveness of education; the negligence of innovation made the great-leap-forward development failed, etc.展开更多
From the development of modern transportation to the current era of high-speed transportation networks, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) region has always played a national leading role in land transportation developmen...From the development of modern transportation to the current era of high-speed transportation networks, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) region has always played a national leading role in land transportation development of China. In order to explore the long-term evolutionary characteristics of land transportation in the BTH region, this paper utilized a temporal scale of 100 years to systematically interpret the development process of the land transportation network. Taking 13 cities within the BTH region as research anchor cities, we took into account "leaping" mode of transportation in order to investigate the evolution of accessibility. Our research shows the following results:(1) The land transportation network in the BTH region has undergone five stages of development: the initial period of modernization(1881–1937); the period of stagnation of transportation development(1937–1949); the network expansion period(1949–1980); the period of trunk construction(1980–1995), and the period of high-speed transportation network development(1995–present). The network structure centered around Beijing has existed from the outset of modern transportation development.(2) The accessibility spatial pattern of land transportation in BTH region has evolved from expansion along traffic corridors to the formation of concentric circles. The stratified circular structure of transportation in anchor cities has gradually developed into a contiguous development pattern.(3) There are clear hierarchical differences in the transportation structures of anchor cities. Beijing has always been at the top of this hierarchy, while the hierarchical position of Zhangjiakou has fallen noticeably since 1949. The Beijing-Tianjin region was the first region to form a short-duration transportation circle structure, while the transportation advantages of the central part of Hebei Province, which is located in the center of the BTH transportation region, have yet to be realized.展开更多
文摘Engineering education is an important issue in engineering practice, and engineering practice and characteristics can be seen through examining the history of early Chinese engineering education. During the period ranging from the 1860s to the middle of the 1890s, the westernization group set up a series of modern industrial and mining enterprises for military and civil use, making the implementation of modern engineering education become possible and necessary. Thanks to their efforts, many schools and old-style private schools for teaching knowledge about western science and technology and training senior engineering managements and talents were gradually founded in China. These modern education organizations are the source and beginning of Chinese engineering education, which is also the origin of modernization of Chinese engineering education. This article takes Fuzhou Shipping School for case studies, using a cultural anthropology approach to examine the overall status, basic characteristics, and impact evaluation of engineering education during the Westernization Movement in China. It reiterates the idea of that ＂engineering education should be returned to engineering practice,＂ and tries to explain the framework of the development of engineering education in China. Through conducting research, we find that the development of engineering education in modem China generally has the basic resources for realization of internationalization through ＂westernization＂ and localization through traditional culture and education and the general characteristics of diversification of social influence. During the development process, it has accumulated valuable experience for timely reform and gradual improvement of modernization： attaching importance to culture and cultivating qualified technical personnel; strictly requiring and building high-level schools and specialties; learning the advanced knowledge and bravely utilizing foreign educational resources; setting pragmatic and highly pertinent disciplines and specialties. It also left the society with thought-provoking lessons, namely, the lagging industrial production and social instability made the development severely restricted and obstructed; the unreasonable development layout resulted in the intensified imbalanced development in different regions; the bureaucracy nature imposed serious impact on efficiency and effectiveness of education; the negligence of innovation made the great-leap-forward development failed, etc.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41701122,No.41430635China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.2017M611854,No.2016M600356
文摘From the development of modern transportation to the current era of high-speed transportation networks, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) region has always played a national leading role in land transportation development of China. In order to explore the long-term evolutionary characteristics of land transportation in the BTH region, this paper utilized a temporal scale of 100 years to systematically interpret the development process of the land transportation network. Taking 13 cities within the BTH region as research anchor cities, we took into account "leaping" mode of transportation in order to investigate the evolution of accessibility. Our research shows the following results:(1) The land transportation network in the BTH region has undergone five stages of development: the initial period of modernization(1881–1937); the period of stagnation of transportation development(1937–1949); the network expansion period(1949–1980); the period of trunk construction(1980–1995), and the period of high-speed transportation network development(1995–present). The network structure centered around Beijing has existed from the outset of modern transportation development.(2) The accessibility spatial pattern of land transportation in BTH region has evolved from expansion along traffic corridors to the formation of concentric circles. The stratified circular structure of transportation in anchor cities has gradually developed into a contiguous development pattern.(3) There are clear hierarchical differences in the transportation structures of anchor cities. Beijing has always been at the top of this hierarchy, while the hierarchical position of Zhangjiakou has fallen noticeably since 1949. The Beijing-Tianjin region was the first region to form a short-duration transportation circle structure, while the transportation advantages of the central part of Hebei Province, which is located in the center of the BTH transportation region, have yet to be realized.
