语境知识、图式知识、词频及词的近现性对听音理解的影响

通过对试验结果及问卷调查的分析 ,阐明语境知识、图式知识和词的频率及近现性是影响学习者听音理解的重要因素。提出教师应在学习者听音之前 ,提供一些语境及有关的图式知识帮助他们尽快解码所获得的信息 ,使听力课不只是受训者被动接收信息而成为主动获取信息的过程。

中日仮定条件表現の対照研究——「近実現―未実現」の場合を例として

本稿は日本語の仮定条件を表す「ば」「と」「たら」「なら」と中国語の仮定条件を表す「如果(ruguo)~、就(jiu)」の意味用法を対照という観点から考察し、主にどのような共通点及び相違点を示し得るかということについて論じる。日本語と中国語の仮定条件文の間には、用法及び形式上の大きな違いがある。このような状況のもとでは、中国語を母語とする日本語学習者および日本語を母語とする中国語学習者にとって双方の仮定条件文は習得しづらいと思われる。この問題を解決するためには、両言語の仮定条件文の共通点と相違点をあきらかにし、それを究明する必要があるだろう。

论塾师在近代私塾改良中的消极嬗变——兼论传统塾师的社会地位与作用

中国近代尤其是清末民初的私塾改良是中国初等教育近代化的一个重要组成部分,其过程反映了中国教育近代化的一些基本规律和特点。改良主要从管理体制、课程、教学内容、塾师、教学方法几个方面展开,而其核心在于塾师的改良。本文对塾师在历史长河中的辛苦劳动及其积极的历史作用给予肯定,对塾师在私塾的近(现)代化改良中消极性的历史嬗变进行了分析,以此侧面反映了近代中国教育史的改良历程。

严复的社会进化论

今年是严复诞辰150周年。严复,近代著名的思想家、翻译家。他在阅读、引进、宣传西方著作的过程中,经过自己的独立思考,尤其是经过与中国传统思想比较之后,逐步形成自己思维的内涵和特征。中国近现代学术肇始于严复翻译西方的学术名著,19世纪末,他翻译了赫胥黎的《天演论》,向中国人介绍了进化学说,使中国学术界的观念发生了革命性的变化。

COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE OF THE URBAN PLANNING HISTORY OF QINGDAO: A MODERN PLANNING LAB OF CHINA

The purpose of this paper is to explore the significance of Chinese invaded cities in the urban planning history through a comparative view of the modern urban planning theories and methodologies of Qingdao (Tsingtau) and those of the developed world from the late 19th century to mid 20th century. After reviewing the German Plan in 1898～1906 and the Japanese Plan in 1941, the paper concludes that the basis grounds of the urban planning practices in Qingdao between 1897～1945 were of the realistic physical planning, rather than of the commonly assumed utopian garden city. Therefore, Qingdao, once being a modern planning lab objectively, helped forward the theories and methodologies of the world′s modern urban planning between the late 19th century and mid 20th century.

亿元多港币明铜佛永留厦门

15世纪初明代早期体型最大、手工最细致的铜像——明永乐释迦牟尼坐像以1．04亿港币的价格落槌(加上佣金后其成交价为1．166亿港币),这是中国工艺品拍卖的世界纪录。

INFLUENCE OF VIRTUAL PHOTON FIELD ON COLLAPSE AND REVIVAL PHENOMENON IN TWO PHOTON J C MODEL WITHOUT RWA

The time evolution of system in two photon Jaynes Cummings (J C) model without rotating waves approximation (RWA) is obtained by using the theory of ordinary differential equations. Based on the evolution, the mean value of the atom inversion operator 〈 S 3(t)〉 is gi ven. The influence of the “counter rotating term” on the collapse and revival phenomenon is discussed from the comparison between the cases with RWA and without RWA. It shows that the influence of the virtual photon field makes the quantum fluctuations appear on the collapse and revival phenomenon.

Phase transformation behavior of Al_9(Mn,Ni)_2 eutectic phase during heat treatment at 600°C in Al-4Ni-2Mn alloy

The morphology evolution and phase transformation of Al9(Mn,Ni)2 eutectic phase in an Al-4Ni-2Mn alloy during heat treatment at 600°C were studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Results show that nearly all of the eutectic fibers change into prolate ellipsoid and spherical particles in the process of heat treatment,and Ostwald ripening phenomenon occurs in the eutectic region with the increase of the heat treatment time.Besides,a phase transformation from Al9(Mn,Ni)2 to O-phase is confirmed.The morphologies of the transformed particles indicate that the O-phase preferentially nucleates on the specific crystal plane of the Al9(Mn,Ni)2 eutectic phase and grows in a certain direction.During the phase transformation,the(010)[001]slip system in O-phase is activated,and the resultant slip traces appear on the surface of some O-phase particles.

Local inhomogeneity in totally asymmetric simple exclusion processes with different hopping rates

Local inhomogeneity in totally asymmetric simple exclusion processes （TASEPs） with different hopping rates was studied. Many biological and chemical phenomena can be described by these non-equilibrium processes. A simple approximate theory and extensive Monte Carlo computer simulations were used to calculate the steady-state phase diagrams and bulk densities. It is found that the phase diagram for local inhomogeneity in TASEP with different hopping rates p is qualitatively similar to homogeneous models. Interestingly, there is a saturation point pair （a＊, fl＊） for the system, which is decided by parameters p and q. There are three stationary phases in the system, when parameter p is fixed （i.e., p=0.8）, with the increase of the parameter q, the region of LD/LD and HD/HD phase increases and the HD/LD is the only phase which the region shrinks. The analytical results are in good agreement with simulations.

Experimental Research on the Double-peak Characteristic of Underwater Radiated Noise in the Near Field on Top of a Submarine

The double-peak characteristic of underwater radiated noise in the near field on top of the target submarine was analyzed in depth on the basis of submarine test data on the sea. The contribution of three major noise sources to the radiated noise of a submarine were compared and analyzed, and emphasis was put on the original source, production mechanism, and their correlative characteristics. On the basis of analysis on underwater tracking and pass through characteristics of the target submarine, the double-peak phenomenon was reasonably interpreted. Furthermore, the correctness of the theoretical interpretation was verified adequately in real submarine tests. The double-peak phenomenon indicates that the space distributing character on submarine radiated noise are both asymmetrical with time and space, whereas that is provided with directivity. Studying the double-peak phenomenon in depth has important reference value and meaning in engineering practice for understanding the underwater radiated noise field of submarines.

Electromagnetic emanation exploration in FPGA-based digital design

As semiconductor technologies have been shrinking,the speed of circuits,integration density,and the number of I/O interfaces have been significantly increasing.As a consequence,electromagnetic emanation(EME)becomes a critical issue in digital system designs.Electronic devices must meet electromagnetic compatibility(EMC)requirements to ensure that they operate properly,and safely without interference.I/O buffers consume high currents when they operate.The bonding wires,and lead frames are long enough to play as efficient antennas to radiate electromagnetic interference(EMI).Therefore,I/O switching activities significantly contribute to the EMI.In this paper,we evaluate and analyze the impact of I/O switching activities on the EME.We will change the circuit configurations such as the supply voltage for I/O banks,their switching frequency,driving current,and slew rate.Additionally,a trade-off between the switching frequencies and the number of simultaneous switching outputs(SSOs)is also considered in terms of EME.Moreover,we evaluate the electromagnetic emissions that are associated with the different I/O switching patterns.The results show that the electromagnetic emissions associated I/O switching activities depend strongly on their operating parameters and configurations.All the circuit implementations and measurements are carried out on a Xilinx Spartan-3 FPGA.

Monitoring the Coasts around Taipei Port with a Marine Radar

Wave field around Taipei Port is studied. Using marine radar as a monitoring device, sequences of the wave field images were obtained on an hourly basis. A 3D-FFT was applied to the image sequences leading to the so-called intensity wavenumber-frequency spectrum. Wave field information can then be extracted from these spectra and compared with on-site measurements. It is shown that, when the prevailing winds are weak, estimated wave heights agree miserably with those measured. On the other hand, when the winds are relatively strong, our estimates follow closely with the trends, but are, in general, lower than measured. Possible reasons leading to these discrepancies are discussed.

Deformation mechanism and stability control of roadway along a fault subjected to mining

It is difficult to maintain the roadway around a fault because of the fractured surroundings, complex stress environment, and large and intense deformation in the mining process. Based on a tailgate of panel $2205 in Tunliu colliery, in Shanxi province, China, we investigated the evolution of stress and displace- ment of rocks surrounding the roadway during the drivage and mining period using theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field trial methods. We analyzed the deformation and failure mechanisms of the tailgate near a fault. The deformation of surrounding rock caused by unloading in the drivage period is large and asymmetric, the roadway convergence increases with activation of the fault and secondary fracture develops in the mining period. Therefore, we proposed a specific control technique of the road- way along a fault as follows： （1） High-strength yielding bolt not only supports the shallow rock to load- bearing structures, but also releases primary deformation energy by use of a pressure release device in order to achieve high resistance to the pressure retained： （2） Grouting of near-fault ribside after initial stabilization of the rock deformation is used to reinforce the broken rock, and to improve the integral load-bearing capacity ol~ the roadway. The research results were successfully applied to a field trial.

The Construction of＂New Woman＂ in Chen Hengzhe＇s Autobiography

This essay examines the autobiography of Chen Hengzhe （1890-1976） （see Appendix）, a relatively less studied woman writer, historian, and critic in modem China. Through the study in four aspects, namely, the pursuit of modem education, simple appearance, great leaders, and the ambassadors of culture, the author＇s research indicates that Chen＇s construction of＂new woman＂ has been influenced by complex historical and cultural forces such as the Chinese traditional culture, Western culture, and the iconoclastic spirit of ＂the New Culture Movement＂. Meanwhile, Chen＇s gender consciousness is also an important element. Moreover, Chen＇s pioneering standing and her own experiences of studying abroad makes her take the lead in conceiving women＇s leadership and their roles in global culture communications. In the late Qing and the early Republic, traditional values and norms of womanhood were severely challenged. Chen＇s construction of＂new woman＂ is her conscious effort to define a new womanhood and is an integral part of the ongoing exploration of Chinese women for modem womanhood. Through the examination of Chen＇s ＂new woman＂, this paper seeks to enrich our understanding of the complexity of modem Chinese women＇s exploration of modem womanhood.

Free vibration of vibrating device coupling two pendulums using multiple time scales method

A model of vibrating device coupling two pendulums (VDP) which is highly nonlinear was put forward to conduct vibration analysis. Based on energy analysis, dynamic equations with cubic nonlinearities were established using Lagrange's equation. In order to obtain approximate solution, multiple time scales method, one of perturbation technique, was applied. Cases of non-resonant and 1:1:2:2 internal resonant were discussed. In the non-resonant case, the validity of multiple time scales method is confirmed, comparing numerical results derived from fourth order Runge-Kutta method with analytical results derived from first order approximate expression. In the 1:1:2:2 internal resonant case, modal amplitudes of Aa1 and Ab2 increase, respectively, from 0.38 to 0.63 and from 0.19 to 0.32, while the corresponding frequencies have an increase of almost 1.6 times with changes of initial conditions, indicating the existence of typical nonlinear phenomenon. In addition, the chaotic motion is found under this condition.

The Origin of Chinese Modem Engineering Education： Fuzhou Shipping School＇s Engineering Education at Late Qing Dynasty

Engineering education is an important issue in engineering practice, and engineering practice and characteristics can be seen through examining the history of early Chinese engineering education. During the period ranging from the 1860s to the middle of the 1890s, the westernization group set up a series of modern industrial and mining enterprises for military and civil use, making the implementation of modern engineering education become possible and necessary. Thanks to their efforts, many schools and old-style private schools for teaching knowledge about western science and technology and training senior engineering managements and talents were gradually founded in China. These modern education organizations are the source and beginning of Chinese engineering education, which is also the origin of modernization of Chinese engineering education. This article takes Fuzhou Shipping School for case studies, using a cultural anthropology approach to examine the overall status, basic characteristics, and impact evaluation of engineering education during the Westernization Movement in China. It reiterates the idea of that ＂engineering education should be returned to engineering practice,＂ and tries to explain the framework of the development of engineering education in China. Through conducting research, we find that the development of engineering education in modem China generally has the basic resources for realization of internationalization through ＂westernization＂ and localization through traditional culture and education and the general characteristics of diversification of social influence. During the development process, it has accumulated valuable experience for timely reform and gradual improvement of modernization： attaching importance to culture and cultivating qualified technical personnel; strictly requiring and building high-level schools and specialties; learning the advanced knowledge and bravely utilizing foreign educational resources; setting pragmatic and highly pertinent disciplines and specialties. It also left the society with thought-provoking lessons, namely, the lagging industrial production and social instability made the development severely restricted and obstructed; the unreasonable development layout resulted in the intensified imbalanced development in different regions; the bureaucracy nature imposed serious impact on efficiency and effectiveness of education; the negligence of innovation made the great-leap-forward development failed, etc.

BED-CEIA估计HIV-1新近感染率的有效性及其影响因素的评价

在艾滋病流行病学研究中,衡量艾滋病流行趋势最常用的指标是HIV累积感染率和新近感染率.与累积感染率相比,新近感染率对艾滋病流行趋势预测、干预效果评价以及防制策略的制定等能提供更直接的信息.在获取新近感染率的方法中,除了经典的流行病学队列随访方法,目前普遍使用的血清学方法之一是IgG捕获BED酶联免疫法（BED-CEIA）.2001年,美国疾病预防控制中心（CDC）艾滋病免疫和诊断室评估了16种基于不同抗体和原理的HIV-1新近感染检测方法,发现新近感染者与既往感染者相比,各种抗体滴度均较低;其中gp41抗体滴度在新近感染者和既往感染者中的差别最大,两者的滴度区间几乎没有重叠,新近感染者的gp41抗体亲和力低于既往感染者,从而认为gp41抗体能够区分新近感染者和既往感染者,并且酶联免疫实验操作相对简单、效果也较理想,因此该室着手开发基于gp41抗体的HIV-1新近感染检测的酶联免疫方法[1].

Electron-Positron Pair Production in an Arbitrary Polarized Ultrastrong Laser Field

Electron-positron pair production in an arbitrary polarized ultrastrong laser field is investigated in the first order perturbation approximation in which the Volkov states are used for convenient calculation of scattering amplitude and cross section. It is found surprisingly that the optimal pair production depends strongly on the polarization. For some cases of field parameters, the optimal field is e11iptically polarized or evenly circularly polarized one, rather than the usual linear polarization as indicated by previous works interesting unexpected features are a/so discussed briefly. Some insights into pair generation are given and some

Suppression of seismic surface waves based on adaptive weighted super-virtual interferometry

For land seismic surveys, the surface waves are the dominant noises that mask the effective signals on seismograms.The conventional methods isolate surface waves from the effective signals by the differences in frequencies or apparent velocities,but may not perform well when these differences are not obvious. Since the original seismic interferometry can only predict inter-receiver surface waves, we propose the use of super-virtual interferometry(SVI), which is a totally data-driven method, to predict shot-to-receiver surface waves, since this method relieves the limitation that a real shot should collocate with one of the receivers for adaptive subtraction. We further develop the adaptive weighted SVI(AWSVI) to improve the prediction of dispersive surface waves, which may be generated from heterogeneous media at the near surface. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of AWSVI to predict dispersive surface waves and its applicability to the complex near surface. The application of AWSVI on the field data from a land survey in the east of China improves the suppression of the residual surface waves compared to the conventional methods.