石斛花形态的系统发育保守性及性状关联

选择8种观赏价值较高的石斛属植物为研究对象,通过测定8个关键花性状,构建系统进化树,并应用系统发育独立对比分析(PIC)的方法,检测石斛属植物花性状的系统发育保守性,以及石斛属植物花各性状的关联适应性.研究结果表明:花开口大小、花瓣面积、中萼片面积、花梗宽表现出强烈的系统发育保守性.中萼片面积与花瓣面积以及侧萼片面积间存在物种值及系统发育的显著正相关;而其他花表观大小性状间仅存在物种值的正相关.无论是否考虑系统发育的影响,花梗宽与花瓣面积、中萼片面积、侧萼片面积间均存在显著正相关.去除系统发育的影响之后,中萼片面积、花梗宽均与萼囊深之间存在显著负相关.、园艺学筛选易变的花结构进行花品种改良等方面提供理论依据.

四种脊椎动物DNA序列复杂性的比较

目的:阐述广义复杂度定义和意义,比较四种脊椎动物DNA序列复杂性,检验我们提出的复杂度定义的正确性和合理性。方法:以不动点,周期2,不等概周期4,混沌和随机序列等简明序列为计算例,以“Bach/猴子击琴”历史著名质疑悬案问题为判据,检验广义复杂度定义的正确性。以人、公牛、老鼠和母鸡四种脊椎动为应用例,以重复性复杂度GCR(2)为主要测度指标,以有序化信息量I=log4-H1和剩余度R=1-H1/log4为参考指标,按定义公式计算GCR(2)、I和R值。结果:在简明计算例中,完全随机序列和完全规则序列的GCR(2)=0,GCC(2)=0,GCT(2)=0,说明完全规则不复杂,完全随机亦不复杂,这完全符合“Bach/猴子击琴”疑案问题的要求,检验了我们提出的广义复杂度定义的正确性。在四种脊椎动物DNA序列之间,GCR(2)、I和R值没有数量级差异,而在数量GCR(2)、I和R之间有数量级差异,即GCR(2)■I(bit),GCR(2)■R(%),而且人的GCR(2),I和R数值远远大于其它三种脊椎动物。结果表明,脊椎动物进化基本上在同一水平上,但人的DNA序列的复杂性、有序化信息量和后备存储剩余度均高于其它脊椎动物。脊椎动物DNA序列的进化有个共同特点:在进化熵减过程中,重点不是放在碱基组成的有序化(I)上,而是放在碱基关联的复杂化GCR(2)上。所有这些结论均符合生物信息学生物分子进化规律,说明我们提出的广义复杂度定义是合理的。

Evolution of COP9 Signalosome and Proteasome Lid Complex

The COP9 signalosome and the regulatory lid of the 26S proteasome are both eight-subunit protein complexes which are present in most eukaryotes. There is a one-to-one relationship between the corresponding subunits of the two protein complexes in terms of their size and amino acid sequences. Eight groups of subunits from the COP9 signalosome and the proteasome lid complex of different organisms are collected from all the databases at the NCBI website. The corresponding subunits of COP9 signalosome and proteasome lid complex share at least 12% amino acid identity and some conserved regions, and the conserved sites spread evenly over the entire length of the subunits, suggesting that the two complexes have a common evolutionary ancestor. Phylogenetic analyses based on the amino acid sequences of the corresponding subunits of two protein complexes indicate that every tree consists of two clades. The subunits from one of the two protein complexes of different organisms are grouped into one of the two clades respectively. The sequences of single-cell organisms are always the basal groups to that of multi-cell animal and plant species. These results imply that the duplication/divergence events of COP9 signalosome and regulatory lid of the proteasome genes have occurred before the divergence of single-cell and multi-cell eukaryotes, and the genes of the two complexes are independently evolved. The analyses of dN/dS correlation show significant Pearson's correlations between 21 and 15 pairs of subunit-encoding sequences within the COP9 signalosome and the proteasome lid complex respectively, suggesting that those subunits pairs might have related functions and interacted with one another, and resulted in co-evolution.

Self-organized Criticality in a Modified Evolution Model on Generalized Barabasi-Albert Scale-Free Networks

A modified evolution model of self-organized criticality on generalized Barabasi-Albert （GBA）.scale-free networks is investigated. In our model, we find that spatial and temporal correlations exhibit critical behaviors. More importantly, these critical behaviors change with the parameter b, which weights the distance in comparison with the degree in the GBA network evolution.

Spatio-temporal evolution of population and urbanization in the countries along the Belt and Road 1950–2050

This paper uses data for the period 1950-2050 compiled by the United Nations Population Division together with methods including spatial autocorrelation analysis, hie- rarchical cluster analysis and the standard deviational ellipse, to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution of population and urbanization in the 75 countries located along the routes of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road, to identify future popula- tion growth and urbanization hotspots. The results reveal the following： First, in 2015, the majority of Belt and Road countries in Europe, South Asia and Southeast Asia had high population densities, whereas most countries in Central Asia, North Africa and West Asia, as well as Russia and Mongolia, had low population densities; the majority of countries in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, West Asia and North Africa had rapid population growth, whereas many countries in Europe had negative population growth; and five Belt and Road countries are in the initial stage of urbanization, 44 countries are in the acceleration stage of urbanization, and 26 are in the terminal stage of urbanization. Second, in the century from 1950 to 2050, the mean center of the study area＇s population is consistently located in the border region between India and China. Prior to 2000, the trajectory of the mean center was from northwest to southeast, but from 2000 it is on a southward trajectory, as the population of the study area becomes more concentrated. Future population growth hotspots are predicted to be in South Asia, West Asia and Southeast Asia, and hotspot countries for the period 2015-2030 include India, China, Pakistan and Indonesia, though China will move into nega- tive population growth after 2030. Third, the overall urban population of Belt and Road coun- tries increased from 22% in 1950 to 49% in 2015, and it is expected to gradually catch up with the world average, reaching 64% in 2050. The different levels of urbanization in different countries display significant spatial dependency, and in the hundred-year period under con-sideration, this dependency increases before eventually weakening. Fourth, between 2015 and 2030, urban population hotspots will include Thailand, China, Laos and Albania, while Kuwait, Cyprus, Qatar and Estonia will be urban ＂coldspots.＂ Fifth, there were 293 cities with populations over 1 million located along the Belt and Road in 2015, but that number Js ex- pected to increase to 377 by 2030. Of those, 43 will be in China, with many of the others located in India, Indonesia and the eastern Mediterranean.

Preserving privacy information flow security in composite service evolution

After a composite service is deployed, user privacy requirements and trust levels of component services are subject to variation. When the changes occur, it is critical to preserve privacy information flow security. We propose an approach to preserve privacy information flow security in composite service evolution. First, a privacy data item dependency analysis method based on a Petri net model is presented. Then the set of privacy data items collected by each component service is derived through a privacy data item dependency graph, and the security scope of each component service is calculated. Finally, the evolution operations that preserve privacy information flow security are defined. By applying these evolution operations, the re-verification process is avoided and the evolution efficiency is improved. To illustrate the effectiveness of our approach, a case study is presented. The experimental results indicate that our approach has high evolution efficiency and can greatly reduce the cost of evolution compared with re-verifying the entire composite service.