Because of the discrepancy of project types,the project progress curves present different characteristics.Studying project progress curves can reduce management risk of project and overall grasp the enforcement condit...Because of the discrepancy of project types,the project progress curves present different characteristics.Studying project progress curves can reduce management risk of project and overall grasp the enforcement condition of the project.Combining project characteristic,this paper reaches 4 kinds of project progress curve patterns.If the front of the progress curve is concave,and its rear is protruding in the break point,it is named as S model.If its front is protruding and its rear is concave in the break point,it is named as the reverse side of S model.If the front and rear are concave in the break point,it is named as J model,and two half sections are both upward protruding,it is named as the reverse side of J model.Through a case study,it shows that application project progress curve model can better raise project management.展开更多
The production of novel behavioral sequences that gives rise to animal innovation and creativity is one of the most intriguing aspects of behavioral evolution. Numerous studies have recently documented the abundance a...The production of novel behavioral sequences that gives rise to animal innovation and creativity is one of the most intriguing aspects of behavioral evolution. Numerous studies have recently documented the abundance and diversity of innova- tive and creative behaviors between and within species, yet the ability to innovate or to act creatively has mainly been described and quantified as a measure of animals＇ cognitive ability without explicit reference to cognitive mechanisms that may account for these behaviors. Here we discuss the creative process from a computational point of view and suggest such a mechanistic frame- work. In light of recent research on human creativity, animal learning, and animal problem solving, we suggest that animal crea- tivity is best understood as the production of context-appropriate novel behavioral sequences, which may be facilitated by the ability to learn the regularities in the environment and to represent them hierarchically, allowing for generalization. We present a cognitive framework that we recently developed, which employs domain-general mechanisms and has been used in the modeling of a range of sequential behaviors, from animal foraging to language acquisition, and apply it to behavioral innovation. In a series of simulations, we show how innovation and creative behavior can be produced by this learning mechanism, as it constructs a network representing the statistical regularities of the environment. We use the simulations to demonstrate the role of particular cognitive parameters in this process and to highlight the effects of the learning dynamics and individual experience on creativity展开更多
文摘Because of the discrepancy of project types,the project progress curves present different characteristics.Studying project progress curves can reduce management risk of project and overall grasp the enforcement condition of the project.Combining project characteristic,this paper reaches 4 kinds of project progress curve patterns.If the front of the progress curve is concave,and its rear is protruding in the break point,it is named as S model.If its front is protruding and its rear is concave in the break point,it is named as the reverse side of S model.If the front and rear are concave in the break point,it is named as J model,and two half sections are both upward protruding,it is named as the reverse side of J model.Through a case study,it shows that application project progress curve model can better raise project management.
基金We would like to thank Corina Logan and an anonymous reviewer for their comments, which helped improve this manuscript. OK was partially supported by a Dean＇s scholarship from the Faculty of Life Sciences at Tel- Aviv University and by a Wolf Foundation award. AL and OK were partially supported by the Israel Science Foundation grant no. 1312/11.
文摘The production of novel behavioral sequences that gives rise to animal innovation and creativity is one of the most intriguing aspects of behavioral evolution. Numerous studies have recently documented the abundance and diversity of innova- tive and creative behaviors between and within species, yet the ability to innovate or to act creatively has mainly been described and quantified as a measure of animals＇ cognitive ability without explicit reference to cognitive mechanisms that may account for these behaviors. Here we discuss the creative process from a computational point of view and suggest such a mechanistic frame- work. In light of recent research on human creativity, animal learning, and animal problem solving, we suggest that animal crea- tivity is best understood as the production of context-appropriate novel behavioral sequences, which may be facilitated by the ability to learn the regularities in the environment and to represent them hierarchically, allowing for generalization. We present a cognitive framework that we recently developed, which employs domain-general mechanisms and has been used in the modeling of a range of sequential behaviors, from animal foraging to language acquisition, and apply it to behavioral innovation. In a series of simulations, we show how innovation and creative behavior can be produced by this learning mechanism, as it constructs a network representing the statistical regularities of the environment. We use the simulations to demonstrate the role of particular cognitive parameters in this process and to highlight the effects of the learning dynamics and individual experience on creativity
