The stability of slopes is always of great concern in the field of rock engineering. The geometry and orientation of pre-existing discontinuities show a larger impact on the behavior of slopes that is often used to de...The stability of slopes is always of great concern in the field of rock engineering. The geometry and orientation of pre-existing discontinuities show a larger impact on the behavior of slopes that is often used to describe the measurement of the steepness, incline, gradient, or grade of a straight line. One of the structurally controlled modes of failure in jointed rock slopes is plane failure. There are numerous analytical methods for the rock slope stability including limit equilibrium, stress analysis and stereographic methods. The limiting equilibrium methods for slopes under various conditions against plane failure have been previously proposed by several investigators. However, these methods do not involve water pressure on sliding surfaces assessments due to water velocity and have not yet been validated by case study results. This paper has tried to explore the effects of forces due to water pressure on discontinuity surfaces in plane failure through applying the improved equations. It has studied the effect of water flow velocity on sliding surfaces in safety factor, as well. New equations for considering water velocity (fluid dynamics) are presented. To check the validity of the suggested equations, safety factor for a case study has been determined. Results show that velocity of water flow had significant effect on the amount of safety factor. Also, the suggested equations have higher validity rate compared to the current equations.展开更多
In practical optical networks, there is often the same number of wavelengths in a fiber. But if it is not carefully designed, there will be much difference in link load among different fibers, and unnecessary waveleng...In practical optical networks, there is often the same number of wavelengths in a fiber. But if it is not carefully designed, there will be much difference in link load among different fibers, and unnecessary wavelengths will be needed. This paper investigated this load balancing issues to minimize the wavelength requirements. Both Integer Linear Programming (ILP) and heuristic algorithms were presented to solve such a problem in WDM optical networks with or without wavelength continuity constraints.展开更多
文摘The stability of slopes is always of great concern in the field of rock engineering. The geometry and orientation of pre-existing discontinuities show a larger impact on the behavior of slopes that is often used to describe the measurement of the steepness, incline, gradient, or grade of a straight line. One of the structurally controlled modes of failure in jointed rock slopes is plane failure. There are numerous analytical methods for the rock slope stability including limit equilibrium, stress analysis and stereographic methods. The limiting equilibrium methods for slopes under various conditions against plane failure have been previously proposed by several investigators. However, these methods do not involve water pressure on sliding surfaces assessments due to water velocity and have not yet been validated by case study results. This paper has tried to explore the effects of forces due to water pressure on discontinuity surfaces in plane failure through applying the improved equations. It has studied the effect of water flow velocity on sliding surfaces in safety factor, as well. New equations for considering water velocity (fluid dynamics) are presented. To check the validity of the suggested equations, safety factor for a case study has been determined. Results show that velocity of water flow had significant effect on the amount of safety factor. Also, the suggested equations have higher validity rate compared to the current equations.
文摘In practical optical networks, there is often the same number of wavelengths in a fiber. But if it is not carefully designed, there will be much difference in link load among different fibers, and unnecessary wavelengths will be needed. This paper investigated this load balancing issues to minimize the wavelength requirements. Both Integer Linear Programming (ILP) and heuristic algorithms were presented to solve such a problem in WDM optical networks with or without wavelength continuity constraints.
