A morphologically structured model is proposed to describe the batch fermentation of lovastatin according to the growth kinetics of filamentous microorganisms. Three kinds of hyphae are considered in the model: active...A morphologically structured model is proposed to describe the batch fermentation of lovastatin according to the growth kinetics of filamentous microorganisms. Three kinds of hyphae are considered in the model: actively growing hyphae, non-growing hyphae and deactivated hyphae. Furthermore, actively growing hyphae consist of three morphological compartments: apical compartment which gives rise to hyphal tip extension; subapical compartment which is related to hyphal branching; and hyphal compartment which is only responsible for secondary metabolite formation. The kinetics of mycelial growth mechanism is summarized and applied in modeling lovastatin fermentation. A Michaelis-Menten kinetic model with substrate inhibition is proposed for product formation. As expected, the model simulations fit well with experimental data obtained either from a laboratory scale 10L fer-menter or from a pilot-plant scale fermenter.展开更多
Data on zooplankton from 13 high-mountain lakes of East Siberia have shown that the Holarctic copepod Cyclops scutifer Sars,1863 dominates among crustaceans.In July,its abundance comprised 64%-98%of the total plankton...Data on zooplankton from 13 high-mountain lakes of East Siberia have shown that the Holarctic copepod Cyclops scutifer Sars,1863 dominates among crustaceans.In July,its abundance comprised 64%-98%of the total plankton fauna in the pelagial of these lakes,approximately 30%in the littoral zone and10%in small northern thermokarst lakes.Biometric measurements and morphological descriptions based on scanning microscope images are supplemented by the data on its geographic distribution and phenology.展开更多
Because of the rapid development of industrial processes, increased urban pollution and agricultural chemicals applied in recent years, heavy metal(loid) pollution in soil has been very serious, and there is an urgent...Because of the rapid development of industrial processes, increased urban pollution and agricultural chemicals applied in recent years, heavy metal(loid) pollution in soil has been very serious, and there is an urgent need for fast and efficient removal of heavy metal(loid) pollution. Currently, environmental microorganisms are always used to perform biological alteration or improvement of soils and sewage. Using functional microorganisms that are resistant to toxic heavy metal(loid) ions for alteration and transformation of heavy metal(loid)s in ionic form is an effective measure for microbial remediation of heavy metal(loid)contaminated soil. This paper reviewed the microbial remediation mechanism of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soils, and the approaches for breeding bacteria those can be used for highly efficient removal of heavy metal(loid)s, as well as the application examples of microbial remediation and transformation of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soil, and finally described the future trends and further research work of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soils by microbial remediation.展开更多
In this paper, a realistic interpretation(REIN) of the wave function in quantum mechanics is briefly presented. We demonstrate that in the REIN, the wave function of a microscopic object is its real existence rather t...In this paper, a realistic interpretation(REIN) of the wave function in quantum mechanics is briefly presented. We demonstrate that in the REIN, the wave function of a microscopic object is its real existence rather than a mere mathematical description.Specifically, the quantum object can exist in disjointed regions of space just as the wave function is distributed, travels at a finite speed, and collapses instantly upon a measurement. Furthermore, we analyze the single-photon interference in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer(MZI) using the REIN. Based on this, we propose and experimentally implement a generalized delayed-choice experiment, called the encounter-delayed-choice experiment, where the second beam splitter is decided whether or not to insert at the encounter of two sub-waves along the arms of the MZI. In such an experiment, the parts of the sub-waves, which do not travel through the beam splitter, show a particle nature, whereas the remaining parts interfere and thus show a wave nature. The predicted phenomenon is clearly demonstrated in the experiment, thus supporting the REIN idea.展开更多
The expected rise in temperature and decreased precipitation owing to climate change and unabated anthropogenic activities add complexity and uncertainty to agro-industry. The impact of soil nutrient imbalance, misman...The expected rise in temperature and decreased precipitation owing to climate change and unabated anthropogenic activities add complexity and uncertainty to agro-industry. The impact of soil nutrient imbalance, mismanaged use of chemicals, high temperature, flood or drought, soil salinity, and heavy metal pollutions, with regard to food security, is increasingly being explored worldwide. This review describes the role of soil-plant-microbe interactions along with organic manure in solving stressed agriculture problems. Beneficial microbes associated with plants are known to stimulate plant growth and enhance plant resistance to biotic （diseases） and abiotic （salinity, drought, pollutions, etc.） stresses. The plant growth-promoting rhizobemteria （PGPR） and mycorrhizae, a key component of soil microbiota, could play vital roles in the maintenance of plant fitness and soil health under stressed environments. The application of organic manure as a soil conditioner to stressed soils along with suitable microbial strains could further enhance the plant-microbe associations and increase the crop yield. A combination of plant, stress-tolerant microbe, and organic amendment represents the tripartite association to offer a favourable environment to the proliferation of beneficial rhizosphere microbes that in turn enhance the plant growth performance in disturbed agro-ecosystem. Agriculture land use patterns with the proper exploitation of plant-microbe associations, with compatible beneficial microbial agents, could be one of the most effective strategies in the management of the concerned agriculture lands owing to climate change resilience. However, the association of such microbes with plants for stressed agriculture management still needs to be explored in greater depth.展开更多
Accurate quantitative global scale snow water equivalent information is crucial for meteorology, hydrology, water cycle and global change studies, and is of great importance for snow melt-runoff forecast, water resour...Accurate quantitative global scale snow water equivalent information is crucial for meteorology, hydrology, water cycle and global change studies, and is of great importance for snow melt-runoff forecast, water resources management and flood control. With land surface process model and snow process model, the snow water equivalent can be simulated with certain accuracy, with the forcing data as input. However, the snow water equivalent simulated using the snow process models has large uncertainties spatially and temporally, and it may be far from the needs of practical applications. Thus, the large scale snow water equivalent information is mainly from remote sensing. Beginning with the launch of Nimbus-7 satellite, the research on microwave snow water equivalent remote sensing has developed for more than 30 years, researchers have made progress in many aspects, including the electromagnetic scattering and emission modeling, ground and airborne experiments, and inversion algorithms for future global high resolution snow water equivalent remote sensing program. In this paper, the research and progress in the aspects of electromagnetic scattering/emission modeling over snow covered terrain and snow water equivalent inversion algorithm will be summarized.展开更多
Anthropogenic and geogenic activities release potentially toxic trace elements （PTEs） that impact human health and the envi- ronment. Increasing environmental pollution stresses the need for environmentally friendly...Anthropogenic and geogenic activities release potentially toxic trace elements （PTEs） that impact human health and the envi- ronment. Increasing environmental pollution stresses the need for environmentally friendly remediation technologies. Physico-chemical treatments are effective, but are costly and generate secondary pollution on- or off-site. Phytoremediation is a biological treatment that provides positive results for PTE eradication with few limitations. Mycoremediation, a type of bioremediation to use macrofungi （mushrooms） for PTE extraction from polluted sites, is the best option for soil cleanup. This review highlights the scope, mechanisms, and potentials of mycoremediation. Mushrooms produce a variety of extracellular enzymes that degrade polycyclic aromatic hydro- carbons （PAHs）, polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs）, pesticides, dyes, and petroleum hydrocarbons into simpler compounds. Cadmium （Cd）, lead （Pb）, mercury （Hg）, chromium （Cr）, copper （Cu）, zinc （Zn）, and iron （Fe） have been effectively extracted by Phellinus badius, Amanita spissa, Lactarius piperatus, Suillus grevillei, Agaricus bisporous, Trieholoma terreum, and Fomes fomentarius, re- spectively. Mycoremediation is affected by environmental and genetic factors, such as pH, substrate, mycelium age, enzyme type, and ecology. The bioaccumulation factor （BAF） can make clear the effectiveness of a mushroom for the extraction of PTEs from the substrate. Higher BAF values of Cd （4.34）, Pb （2.75）, Cu （9）, and Hg （95） have been reported for Amanita muscaria, Hypholoma fasciculare, Russula foetens, and Boletus pinophilus, respectively, demonstrating their effectiveness and suitability for mycoremediation of PTEs.展开更多
文摘A morphologically structured model is proposed to describe the batch fermentation of lovastatin according to the growth kinetics of filamentous microorganisms. Three kinds of hyphae are considered in the model: actively growing hyphae, non-growing hyphae and deactivated hyphae. Furthermore, actively growing hyphae consist of three morphological compartments: apical compartment which gives rise to hyphal tip extension; subapical compartment which is related to hyphal branching; and hyphal compartment which is only responsible for secondary metabolite formation. The kinetics of mycelial growth mechanism is summarized and applied in modeling lovastatin fermentation. A Michaelis-Menten kinetic model with substrate inhibition is proposed for product formation. As expected, the model simulations fit well with experimental data obtained either from a laboratory scale 10L fer-menter or from a pilot-plant scale fermenter.
基金Supported by the Projects"Modem state,biodiversity and ecology of the shore zone of Baikal"(VI.51.1.10)(2013-2016)the "Dynamics of natural and natural-human systems to climate change and anthropogenic pressures(for example,Trans-Baikal)"(Ⅷ.79.1.2)(2013-2016)
文摘Data on zooplankton from 13 high-mountain lakes of East Siberia have shown that the Holarctic copepod Cyclops scutifer Sars,1863 dominates among crustaceans.In July,its abundance comprised 64%-98%of the total plankton fauna in the pelagial of these lakes,approximately 30%in the littoral zone and10%in small northern thermokarst lakes.Biometric measurements and morphological descriptions based on scanning microscope images are supplemented by the data on its geographic distribution and phenology.
文摘Because of the rapid development of industrial processes, increased urban pollution and agricultural chemicals applied in recent years, heavy metal(loid) pollution in soil has been very serious, and there is an urgent need for fast and efficient removal of heavy metal(loid) pollution. Currently, environmental microorganisms are always used to perform biological alteration or improvement of soils and sewage. Using functional microorganisms that are resistant to toxic heavy metal(loid) ions for alteration and transformation of heavy metal(loid)s in ionic form is an effective measure for microbial remediation of heavy metal(loid)contaminated soil. This paper reviewed the microbial remediation mechanism of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soils, and the approaches for breeding bacteria those can be used for highly efficient removal of heavy metal(loid)s, as well as the application examples of microbial remediation and transformation of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soil, and finally described the future trends and further research work of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soils by microbial remediation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.11474181)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2011CB9216002)the Open Research Fund Program of the State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics,Tsinghua University
文摘In this paper, a realistic interpretation(REIN) of the wave function in quantum mechanics is briefly presented. We demonstrate that in the REIN, the wave function of a microscopic object is its real existence rather than a mere mathematical description.Specifically, the quantum object can exist in disjointed regions of space just as the wave function is distributed, travels at a finite speed, and collapses instantly upon a measurement. Furthermore, we analyze the single-photon interference in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer(MZI) using the REIN. Based on this, we propose and experimentally implement a generalized delayed-choice experiment, called the encounter-delayed-choice experiment, where the second beam splitter is decided whether or not to insert at the encounter of two sub-waves along the arms of the MZI. In such an experiment, the parts of the sub-waves, which do not travel through the beam splitter, show a particle nature, whereas the remaining parts interfere and thus show a wave nature. The predicted phenomenon is clearly demonstrated in the experiment, thus supporting the REIN idea.
文摘The expected rise in temperature and decreased precipitation owing to climate change and unabated anthropogenic activities add complexity and uncertainty to agro-industry. The impact of soil nutrient imbalance, mismanaged use of chemicals, high temperature, flood or drought, soil salinity, and heavy metal pollutions, with regard to food security, is increasingly being explored worldwide. This review describes the role of soil-plant-microbe interactions along with organic manure in solving stressed agriculture problems. Beneficial microbes associated with plants are known to stimulate plant growth and enhance plant resistance to biotic （diseases） and abiotic （salinity, drought, pollutions, etc.） stresses. The plant growth-promoting rhizobemteria （PGPR） and mycorrhizae, a key component of soil microbiota, could play vital roles in the maintenance of plant fitness and soil health under stressed environments. The application of organic manure as a soil conditioner to stressed soils along with suitable microbial strains could further enhance the plant-microbe associations and increase the crop yield. A combination of plant, stress-tolerant microbe, and organic amendment represents the tripartite association to offer a favourable environment to the proliferation of beneficial rhizosphere microbes that in turn enhance the plant growth performance in disturbed agro-ecosystem. Agriculture land use patterns with the proper exploitation of plant-microbe associations, with compatible beneficial microbial agents, could be one of the most effective strategies in the management of the concerned agriculture lands owing to climate change resilience. However, the association of such microbes with plants for stressed agriculture management still needs to be explored in greater depth.
基金funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program for Space Sciences(Grant No.XDA04061200)of the Chinese Academy of SciencesNational Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2015CB953701)
文摘Accurate quantitative global scale snow water equivalent information is crucial for meteorology, hydrology, water cycle and global change studies, and is of great importance for snow melt-runoff forecast, water resources management and flood control. With land surface process model and snow process model, the snow water equivalent can be simulated with certain accuracy, with the forcing data as input. However, the snow water equivalent simulated using the snow process models has large uncertainties spatially and temporally, and it may be far from the needs of practical applications. Thus, the large scale snow water equivalent information is mainly from remote sensing. Beginning with the launch of Nimbus-7 satellite, the research on microwave snow water equivalent remote sensing has developed for more than 30 years, researchers have made progress in many aspects, including the electromagnetic scattering and emission modeling, ground and airborne experiments, and inversion algorithms for future global high resolution snow water equivalent remote sensing program. In this paper, the research and progress in the aspects of electromagnetic scattering/emission modeling over snow covered terrain and snow water equivalent inversion algorithm will be summarized.
文摘Anthropogenic and geogenic activities release potentially toxic trace elements （PTEs） that impact human health and the envi- ronment. Increasing environmental pollution stresses the need for environmentally friendly remediation technologies. Physico-chemical treatments are effective, but are costly and generate secondary pollution on- or off-site. Phytoremediation is a biological treatment that provides positive results for PTE eradication with few limitations. Mycoremediation, a type of bioremediation to use macrofungi （mushrooms） for PTE extraction from polluted sites, is the best option for soil cleanup. This review highlights the scope, mechanisms, and potentials of mycoremediation. Mushrooms produce a variety of extracellular enzymes that degrade polycyclic aromatic hydro- carbons （PAHs）, polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs）, pesticides, dyes, and petroleum hydrocarbons into simpler compounds. Cadmium （Cd）, lead （Pb）, mercury （Hg）, chromium （Cr）, copper （Cu）, zinc （Zn）, and iron （Fe） have been effectively extracted by Phellinus badius, Amanita spissa, Lactarius piperatus, Suillus grevillei, Agaricus bisporous, Trieholoma terreum, and Fomes fomentarius, re- spectively. Mycoremediation is affected by environmental and genetic factors, such as pH, substrate, mycelium age, enzyme type, and ecology. The bioaccumulation factor （BAF） can make clear the effectiveness of a mushroom for the extraction of PTEs from the substrate. Higher BAF values of Cd （4.34）, Pb （2.75）, Cu （9）, and Hg （95） have been reported for Amanita muscaria, Hypholoma fasciculare, Russula foetens, and Boletus pinophilus, respectively, demonstrating their effectiveness and suitability for mycoremediation of PTEs.
